Sponsorship generates significant marketing advantage for the sponsor Literature review

Sponsorship generates significant marketing advantage for the sponsor while it provides strong financial base for the events success - Literature review Example It is often regarded as brand messaging application that communicates standard messages across non-traditional as well as traditional media. Various promotional techniques are encompassed within this approach so as to deliver appropriate messages to end customers. Through this integrated platform a synergy is established amongst all communication channels. The concept of integrated marketing communications was originally framed by American Association of Advertising. Promotional measures which are incorporated by a firm helps to achieve set marketing campaign objectives. IMC can also be stated as a framework that defines wide array of marketing strategic roles such as advertising, public relations, sales promotions, etc. In modern world apart from maintaining desired level of quality in products or services it is also essential to enhance clarity in brand messages. The diverse set of techniques when effectively combined with communications plan enhances consistency, impact and overal l clarity. IMC or integrated marketing communication has evolved due to some shifts. The shift has occurred from low accountability, traditional, mass media to a high accountability, specialized and interactive media. In all form of business activities integration is an essential component. For instance in marketing activities, integration enables business stakeholders to work in coordination with one another. The benefits of this innovative approach can be further determined on basis of search marketing, accessibility and convenience, aggregation of information and services, social media and mobile growth. There are different marketing communication tools and sponsorship is to be focused on in this study. In present scenario sponsorship is not only beneficial for sponsors in terms of spreading brand awareness but even serves as a strong financial base for the events taking place. It is an advertising tool that is implemented in order to bring in

Ballet and Modern Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ballet and Modern Dance - Essay Example Several cultures around the world have also been introduced into the dance in an attempt to make it more understandable in their own context. The dance style was introduced in France by Catherine de Medici when she got married to the king of France and it was mainly performed in the royal courts. Some of the initial costumes for the dance included masks, pantaloons, various ornaments, headdresses as well as other designed outfits (Anderson, 2008). The dance steps were composed of slides, slight hops, curtsies, gentle moves and promenades. The shoes commonly used for the dance in the early times were made up of small heels to increase ease of movement. Currently, there exist three main styles of ballet namely contemporary ballet, classical ballet and neoclassical ballet. Classical ballet is a form that is deeply entrenched on the ancient ballet techniques and vocabularies. The neoclassical version deviates from the classical ballet in the sense that it has non-traditional feats as well as unusually fast moving tempos. The contemporary style is composed of the classical ballet techniques and the modern dance methods. The modern dance began in the 19th century and extended to the early 20th century in the U.S.A and Germany. This dance style was established as a means of responding directly to ballet performances through the refusal of its codified motions and the narrative forms. The modern dance consists of a wide range of styles which were defined by the various artists who took part in it. In ballet, the movements commonly known as line take various forms which include diagonal, horizontal and vertical. The vertical lines in which the dances make slight sequential jumps indicate elegance, grandeur as well as strength while the diagonal lines are signs of movements. In modern dance the lines normally adopted by the dances is horizontal line which indicates calm, placidity as well as repose. Repetition which is common phenomena in all

Important Characteristics Of The Wigig Technology Computer Science Essay

Important Characteristics Of The Wigig Technology Computer Science Essay Wireless Gigabit is an up-and-coming technology expected to enable wireless connectivity of up to 7Gbps in data, display and audio applications. The organization sponsoring this technology is the Wireless Gigabit Alliance. Features of Wigig: Some of the important characteristics of the Wigig technology are listed below: Wigig is capable of providing a wireless network which its speed is up to 7Gbps, while the fastest current 802.11n has theoretically the highest speeds up to 600Mbps. WiGig is operated at 60GHz which allows a wider channel and supports super-fast transfer speeds. It can transfer data between 1Gbps to 7Gbps, 60 times more than Wi-Fi. Wigig can be able to support the Tri band devices. WiGig is a multi-gigabit communication technology which is an ideal standard for the use of streaming HD video so it can display full 1080 pixels of the PC to the TV via a wireless network. How does Wigig works: Wigig will primarily be used within a single room to provide wireless connectivity between home entertainment equipment. It will enable very fast data transfers and streaming media which is 10 times faster than the old wireless technologies, in addition to wireless connections for cameras, laptops. Deliverables Technical Issues Current and future expectations of WiGig deployment. Types of challenges or difficulties are there related to WiGig implementations. Kinds of organisations might need these new standards. Security Issues Discuss and analyse the security issues that might arise due to wide deployment of WiGig Alliance. (802.11 security issue and the Galois/Counter Mode of the AES encryption algorithm) Discuss and analyse cross layer security framework in Wireless LAN deployment. Is that framework will improve security in WLAN or not. Technical Issues Current Wigig deployment The industry standard relevant to Wigig is IEEE 802.11ad. Draft 1.0 of the specification was published in Jan 2011. Per the draft standard, signals will occupy the unlicensed 60 GHZ frequency band and all 802.11 ad-compliant devices will provide backward compatibility with 802.11 standard. As a result, tri-band devices will operate at 2.4, 5.0 and 60 GHz. The Wigig specification includes main features to maximize performance, minimize implementation complexity and cost, enable backward compatibility with existing Wi-Fi and provide advanced security. Key features include: Support for data transmission rates up to 7 Gbps. Wigig operates at 60 GHz band that means it has much more spectrum available, the channels are much wider, enabling multi-gigabit data rates. Wigig defines 4 channels, each 2.16 GHz wide which is 50 times wider than the channels available in 802.11n. Seamless switching between 2.4/5/60 GHz bands Based on IEEE 802.11, Wigig provides native Wi-Fi support and enables devices which has tri-band radios to be able to transparently switch between 802.11 network operating in any frequency band including 2.4/5/60 GHz Support for beamforming, a technology which maximize the signal strength and enable robust communication at distances beyond 10 meters. WiGig is integrated a technology, called Beamforming. It allows the radio beam is shot to the right target with the best performance; minimize waste in the process of transmission. Thus, WiGig uses energy more efficient than traditional Wi-Fi connection. Beamforming employs directional antennas to reduce interference and focus the signal between two devices into a concentrated beam. This allows faster data transmission over longer distances. Beamforming is defined within the PHY and MAC layers. During the beamforming process, two devices establish communication and then fine-tune their antenna settings to improve the quality of directional communication until there is enough capacity for the desired data transmission. The devices can quickly establish a new communications pathway using beams that reflect off walls when an obstacle blocks the line of sight between two devices or if someone walks between them. http://genk2.vcmedia.vn/N0WoyYblO3QdmZFKPMtKnadHAHTevz/Image/2012/04/2_6a565.jpg Advanced security using the Galois/Counter Mode of the AES encryption algorithm. AES-GCM is an authenticated encryption algorithm designed to provide both authentication and privacy. Developed by David A McGrew and John Viega, it uses universal hashing over a binary Galois field to provide authenticated encryption. GCM was designed originally as a way of supporting very high data rates, since it can take advantage of pipelining and parallel processing techniques to bypass the normal limits imposed by feedback MAC algorithms. This allows authenticated encryption at data rates of many ten of Gbps, permitting high grade encryption and authentication on system which previously could not be fully protected. Different types of layers take part in the working of the wireless gigabit technology, physical layer (PHY) deals with all the devices of low and high power and maintain the status of communication. Protocol adaption layers (PALs) are being developed to support specific system interfaces including data buses for PC peripherals and display interfaces for HDTVs, monitors and projectors. Supplements and extends the 802.11 Medium Access Control(MAC) layer and is backward compatible with the IEEE 80211 standard Power Management Wigig devices can take advantage of a new scheduled access mode to reduce power consumption. Two devices communicating with each other via a directional link may schedule the periods during which they communicate; in between those periods, they can sleep to save power. 802.11 ad draft standard is compared to other wireless technology http://images-news.easyvn.net/upload/2011/12/08/article/cong-nghe-khong-day-60-ghz-cho-docking-usb-hdmi_3.jpg Wigig in future WGA has announced the launch of a new wireless connection standard, Wigig 1.1 ready for certification. The Wigig 1.1 is added 2 new PALs specifications, the Wigig Display Extension (WDE) and Wigig Serial Extension (WSE) to supplement the previously published Wigig Bus Extension (WBE) and MAC/PHY specifications. Structure of Wigig Wigig is defined in 2 layers based on IEEE 802.11. They are Physical and Medium Access Control layers. These layers enable native support for IP networking over 60Ghz band. They make simpler and less expensive to produce devices that can communicate over both Wigig and existing Wi-Fi using tri-band radios (2.4GHz, 5GHz and 60 GHz). http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2390/5791077356_c2146fb4f0.jpg Physical Layer The physical layer of the 802.11 ad standardized 2 wireless data exchange techniques: Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) Single carrier (SC) The 802.11ad divides the 60GHz band into four 2.16 GHz wide channels. Data rates of up to 7 Gbits/s are possible using OFDM with different modulation schemes. A single channel version for low power operation is available and can deliver a speed up to 4.6 Gbits/s. These wide channels enable WIgig to support applications that require extremely fast communication, such as uncompressed video transmission. The PHY in 802.11ad is split into Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) and the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sub layers. The PLCP parses data units transmitted/received using various 802.11 media access techniques. The PMD performs the data transmission/reception and modulation/demodulation directly accessing air under the guidance of the PLCP. The 802.11 ad MAC layer to great extend is affected by the nature of the media. For instance, it implements a relatively complex for the second layer fragmentation of PDUs. Medium Access Control (MAC) layer Wigig shares MAC layer with existing 802.11 networks enables session switching between 802.11 networks operating in the 2.4 GHz, 5GHz and 60 GHz bands, resulting in uninterrupted wireless data communications. The 802.11 ad MAC layer has been extended to include beamforming support and address the 60 GHz specific aspects of channel access, synchronization, association and authentication. Protocol Adaption Layer (PALs) PAL is a layer added to network transmissions to help adapt to older standards. It allows wireless implementations of key computer and consumer electronics interfaces over 60GHz Wigig networks. The version 1.0 A/V and I/O protocol adaption layer (PAL) specifications have been developed to support specific system interfaces including extensions for PC peripherals and display interfaces for HDTVs, monitors and projectors. The Wigig Bus Extension (WBE) Define high-performance wireless implementations of widely used computer interfaces over 60GHz. Enable multi-gigabit wireless connectivity between any two devices, such as connection to storage and other high-speed peripherals The Wigig Display Extension (WDE) Support wireless transmission of audio/visual data Enable wireless DisplayPort and other display interfaces that include the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection 2.0 feature. Offers key A/V applications, such as the transmission of lightly compressed or uncompressed video from a computer or digital camera to an HDTV, monitor or projector. http://img84.imageshack.us/img84/2195/fig2m.jpg Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) The specification supports two types of modulation and coding schemes, which provide different benefits. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) supports communication over longer distances with greater delay spreads, providing more flexibility in handling obstacles and reflected signals. The single carrier, suited to lower applications, achieves a data rate up to 4.6 Gbits/s, while OFDM enables 7 Gbits/s. Usage Models Wigig has a high compatibility and is used for many purposes. Wigig can act as an alternative method which is used for replacing old connectivity standards such as: USB, DisplayPort, PCIe and HDMI. In addition, it is backward compatible with most devices which using 802.11 connectivity in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The main function of Wigig is to connect home entertainment devices together tablets, smartphones, PC, TV and more. http://images-news.easyvn.net/upload/2011/12/08/article/cong-nghe-khong-day-60-ghz-cho-docking-usb-hdmi_2.jpg Challenges or difficulties are there related to WiGig implementations. The biggest technical challenge is that these networks will operate in much higher frequencies, around 60 GHz. The higher the frequency is, the greater the propagation loss over distance. Another challenge is 60 GHz radio are absorbed by wood, bricks, human body and particularly paint are far more opaque to 60 GHz waves. Thus, Wigig is most suitable for in-room applications. Attenuation of various materials by frequency Besides that, the beamforming of compliant equipment needs to be within line of sight of receiving devices in order to work well. Even a person stepping between two communicating devices can break the signal. With these weaknesses, they will prevent Wigig from being implemented popularly in the future. Moreover, most today devices only support 802.11 a/g/n; it will take time to replace all these devices with new devices which support 802.11ad standard. Kinds of organisations might need these new standards WiGig is a multi-gigabit communication technology which is an ideal standard for the use of streaming HD video so it can display full 1080 pixels of the PC to the TV via a wireless network. In addition, its speed is up to 7 Gbps which is very useful for so many organizations such as: Multimedia organization (newspapers, advertisement, movie) Financial organization (Bank, office, tax) Education organization (TAFE, university) Medical organization (Hospital) IT organization (Intel, Dell, Apple etc.) Government Military Security Issues Due to Wigig is based on IEEE 802.11 standards; it has the same security issues with 802.11 a/b/g/n. Easy to access Wireless LANs are easy to find. To enable clients to find them, networks must transmit Beacon frames with network parameters. The information needed to join a network is also the information needed to launch an attack on a network. Beacon frames a not processed by any privacy functions, which means that your 802.11 network and its parameters are available for anybody with an 802.11 card. Attackers with high-gain antennas can find networks from nearby roads or buildings and may launch attacks without having physical access to your facility. Solution: Enforce Strong Access Control Ensuring that wireless networks are subject to strong access control can mitigate the risk of wireless network deployment. Networks should place access points outside of security perimeter devices such as firewalls, and administrators should consider using VPNs to provide access to the corporate network. Strong user authentication should be deployed, preferably using new products based on the IEEE 802.1x standard. 802.1x defines new frame types for user-based authentication and leverages existing enterprise user databases, such as RADIUS. Rogue Access Points Easy access to wireless LANs is coupled with easy deployment. When combined, these two characteristics can cause headaches for network administrators and security officers. Any user can run to a nearby computer store, purchase an access point, and connect it to the corporate network without authorization. Rogue access deployed by end users poses great security risks. End users are not security experts, and may not be aware of the risks posed by wireless LANs. Many deployments that have been logged and mapped by war drivers do not have any security features enabled, and a significant fraction have no changes from the default configuration. Solution: Regular Site Audits Like any other network technology, wireless networks require vigilance on the part of security administrators. The obvious way to find unauthorized networks is to do the same thing that attackers do: use an antenna and look for them so that you find unauthorized networks before attackers exploit them. Physical site audits should be conducted as frequently as possible. Unauthorized Use of Service Several war drivers have published results indicating that a clear majority of access points are put in service with only minimal modifications to their default configuration. Unauthorized users may not necessarily obey your service providers terms of service, and it may only take one spammer to cause your ISP to revoke your connectivity. Solution: Design and Audit for Strong Authentication The obvious defence against unauthorized use is to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the network. Strong, cryptographically protected authentication is a precondition for authorization because access privileges are based on user identity. VPN solutions deployed to protect traffic in transit across the radio link provide strong authentication. MAC Spoofing and Session Hijacking 802.11 networks do not authenticate frames. Every frame has a source address, but there is no guarantee that the station sending the frame actually put the frame in the air. Just as on traditional Ethernet networks, there is no protection against forgery of frame source addresses. Attackers can use spoofed frames to redirect traffic and corrupt ARP tables. At a much simpler level, attackers can observe the MAC addresses of stations in use on the network and adopt those addresses for malicious transmissions. Attackers can use spoofed frames in active attacks as well. In addition to hijacking sessions, attackers can exploit the lack of authentication of access points. Access points are identified by their broadcasts of Beacon frames. Any station which claims to be an access point and broadcasts the right service set identifier (SSID, also commonly called a network name) will appear to be part of an authorized network. Attackers can, however, easily pretend to be an access point because nothing in 802.11 requires an access point to prove it really is an access point. At that point, the attacker could potentially steal credentials and use them to gain access to the network through a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. Solution: Adopt Strong Protocols and Use Them Using methods based on Transport Layer Security (TLS), access points will need to prove their identity before clients provide authentication credentials, and credentials are protected by strong cryptography for transmission over the air. Session hijacking can be prevented only by using a strong cryptographic protocol such as IPsec. Using strong VPN protocols which require the use of strong user authentication with 802.1x. Traffic Analysis and Eavesdropping 802.11 provides no protection against attacks which passively observe traffic. The main risk is that 802.11 does not provide a way to secure data in transit against eavesdropping. Frame headers are always in the clear and are visible to anybody with a wireless network analyser. Security against eavesdropping was supposed to be provided by Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). However, it protects only the initial association with the network and user data frames. Management and control frames are not encrypted or authenticated by WEP, leaving an attacker wide latitude to disrupt transmissions with spoofed frames. Solution: Perform Risk Analysis When addressing the threat of eavesdropping, the key decision is to balance the threat of using only WEP against the complexity of deploying a more proven solution. If wireless LAN is being used for sensitive data, WEP may very well be insufficient for your needs. Strong cryptographic solutions like SSH, SSL, and IPsec were designed to transmit data securely over public channels and have proven resistant to attack over many years, and will almost certainly provide a higher level of security. Key Problems with WEP Repeat in key stream which allows easy decryption of data for a moderately sophisticated adversary. Weak implementation of the RC4 algorithm leads to an efficient attack that allows key recovery Subject to brute force attacks (Short Keys) Easily compromised keys (Shared keys/No Key management) Message modification is possible No user authentication occurs Subject to Man in the Middle attacks WPA Benefits Improved Cryptography Strong Network access control Will Support 802.1x, EAP, EAP-TLS, Radius, and Pre-Placed Keys Key Management Replay Protection Provides for data and header integrity Flaws While (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) TKIP (a message integrity check algorithm is to verify the integrity of the packets) Michael significantly improve WEP security, design limitations result in cryptographic weaknesses. Limitations of Michael to retrieve the keystream from short packets to use for re-injection and spoofing. WPA2 Benefits Strong Cryptography Support for Legacy Equipment Strong Network Access Control Will Support 802.1x, EAP, EAP-TLS, Radius, and Pre-Placed Keys Key Management Replay Protection Provides for data and Header Integrity Roaming Support Security issue There is a flaw that was discovered. It is called WPS (wireless protected setup); it is the little initial setup that most new/newer routers come with. The WPS is a button which we need to hit when we want to initially set up connection. That is the security flaw thats used now to crack wpa/wpa2. There is a free program to exploit this flaw (reaver) and it has about a 100% success rate in cracking wpa/wpa2. Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) GCM is a block cipher mode of operation providing both confidentiality and data origin authentication. It was designed by McGrew and Viega. Benefits Support communication speeds of 10 Gbps Provides strong encryption based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Be able to implement in hardware for performance and efficiency Security Issues GCM provides no message authentication There are some security issues if GCM mode is used incorrectly. GCM is not suited for use with short tag lengths or a very long message. The user should monitor and limit the number of unsuccessful verification attempts for each key. It is strongly recommended to use all 16 bytes for the tag, and generally no less than 8 bytes. The same length of tag must always be used for a given key. The initialization vector (IV) must be unique for each operation for a given key. Security is destroyed for all text encrypted with the same key if the IV is used for different plaintext. Using 12 bytes randomly generated IV is ok and so is a counter that is controlled over so that it can never be repeated. Cross layer security framework in Wireless LAN deployment Cross-layer design appears to be a suitable approach for future contributions in the framework of WLANs able to address emerging issues related to ever-higher performance, energy consumption, mobility. The single layer security is often inefficient and inadequate for provisioning secure data transmission in WLAN. In generally, the security of a network is determined by the security it has over all the layers. Thus, the cross-layer security framework needs to be proposed in WLAN. The security framework may support many components like intrusion detection system, Trust framework and adapted link layer communication protocol. In order to carry out practical cross-layer security framework in WLAN, we need to follow: Component based security: Security measures must be provided to all the components of a protocol stack as well as to the entire network. The developers should focus on securing the entire network. Robust, simple and flexible designs: Security mechanisms should construct a trustworthy system out of untrustworthy components and have the capability to detect and function when need arises. This should also support scalability. Various types of active and passive attacks have been recorded in WLAN A denial of service (DoS) attack: In DoS attack, a malicious node could prevent another node to go back to sleep mode which in turn causes battery depletion. Eavesdropping and invasion: If no sound security measures are taken, invasion becomes fairly an easy task due to wireless communication. An adversary could easily extract useful information from the unattended nodes. Hence, a malicious user could join the network undetected by impersonating as some other legitimate node, to have access to secret data, disrupt the network operations, or trace the activity of any node in the network. Physical node tampering leading to node compromising. Forced battery exhaustion of a node. Radio jamming at the physical layer. There are some types of cross-layer security Cross-layer security design for intrusion detection All approaches pertaining to intrusion detection schemes have been focused on routing and MAC protocols. The existing secure protocols or intrusion detection schemes are normally presented for one protocol layer. So, the effect of these schemes is sandwiched to attacks to a particular layer. They are seldom effective to attacks from different protocol layers; however, security concerns may arise in all protocol layers. It is necessary to have a cross-layer based detection framework that consolidates various schemes in various protocol layers. Cross-layer security design for power efficiency As previously mentioned, energy conservation is one of the primary concerns for sensor networks design, so it should be considered across protocol layers from the beginning stage through subsequent stages of the design to achieve the trade-off between energy consumption, network performance and complexity, and maximize the longevity of the entire network. Our cross-layer approach can achieve this while providing network security provisioning. For instance, the carrier detection is responsible for DoS attacks. A detrimental or malicious node can exploit then interplays in MAC layer to frequently request for channels. This not only prohibits other nodes from connecting with the destination, but also can deplete its battery energy due to frequent responses. To overcome this issue, the information can be collected from other layers and the detrimental node can be recognized and then be limited or isolated. Conclusion After analysing the security risks of WLAN and investigating the advantages of cross-layer security framework, I believe that the cross-layer design is a unique candidate to improve security in WLAN. Summary Wigig or 802.11ad based on the 802.11 standard is a new wireless technology which provides data rates up to 7Gbps over the unlicensed 60 GHz. It will primarily be used within a single room to provide wireless connectivity between home entertainment equipment. It will enable very fast data transfers and streaming media which is 10 times faster than the old wireless technologies. However, Wigig still has some challenges which are the limitation of propagation loss and distance. That is why it can primarily be used within a room or an office. But Wireless Gigabit Alliance claimed that Wigig can be used beyond 10 meters by using beamforming technology in the near future.

Impact of Warfare, Religion, and Social Stratification on City-Building

Impact of Warfare, Religion, and Social Stratification on City-Building In both ancient and contemporary human societies, one can witness the cultural creations of warfare, religion, and social stratification interacting to help form and perpetuate the existence of each other. In addition, these cultural factors have lent themselves to help produce, regulate, and justify specific technologies. These technologies may be either destructive or beneficial to human societies economically and/or environmentally, and can have a very wide range of function. Technologies can in turn influence warfare, religion, and social stratification so as to increase the importance of these aspects of culture in society. In this paper, I seek to explore the relationships between warfare, religion, and social stratification, and their important influences on city-building in ancient times and today. As early societies began to group together and form conglomerations of people that eventually became towns and cities, they discovered a ‘need’ for warfare in order to protect and expand their territories, resources, and populations. In the words of Ehrlich, it is important to remember that â€Å"(c)onnecting ‘genes for aggression’†¦to the actions of warring governments is a bit of a stretch, just as would be connecting genes for conciliations to the deployment of United Nations peacemakers (Ehrlich 260).† Basically, Ehrlich wants us to realize that there are no â€Å"war† or â€Å"peace† genes, but that cultural micro- and macro-evolutionary conditions (that is, societal or environmental conditions) may drive a group of people to be either warring or peaceful. With the development of warfare came the development of religion. A causative relationship is... ...a, especially slaves, would have been the people who would have physically labored to build the cities. In this way, social stratification played a major role in the rise of ancient Greek cities. In conclusion, the cultural components of warfare, religion, and social stratification have not only interacted to help create and perpetuate each other, but they have also heavily influenced technologies such as city-building in ancient Greece. Though the emphasis on the different factors changes with evolving cultural and environmental climates, they are still present to some degree in Western culture today. Works Cited Chant, Colin. Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. London: Routledge, 1999. Ehrlich, Paul. Human Natures. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2000 Southwick, Charles. Human Impacts on Planet Earth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Fab Sweets Limited Essay

I. Introduction: FAB Sweets Limited is a manufacturer of high-quality sweets. The company is located in the North of England which is a medium-sized, family-owned, partially unionized and highly successful confectionery producer. The case analysis takes place in HB department, the most problematic department of the factory. The department produces and packs over 40 lines of hard-boiled candies using a batch-production system. The department has a 37 people in work, the majorities are skilled employees. This is organized in two adjacent areas: one for production staffed by men, 25 in quantity, and one for packing staffed by women, 12 in quantity. The two divisions are separated by a physical barrier overseen by a charge hand and a supervisor respectfully. The department manager also oversees both division and has to report to the factory manager. Training takes place on the production process, which is essentially quite simple, but it normally takes two years to acquire the skills necessary to effectively complete all tasks of production. Many different product lines can be produced simultaneously with each task interdependent of the next. Although the job seems quite simple and the management of the process is straightforward, the department however faced many serious problems. II. Statement of the Problem: The main problem experienced in HB department is related to motivation which is the high level of turnover (refers to the high rate of movement of employees out of a firm), six new managers in eight years. The problems that also affect the company were low target production rates and high level of scrap (high rate of rework) in the department. Other simple problems arose, such as: employees had little input in the decision-making responsibilities, low motivation, low job satisfaction, and didn’t have enough appreciation, feedback and recognition on their performance. In addition, there were conflicts between the supervisors and employees in the production and packing areas and the grading and payment levels wasn’t satisfactory to the workers. III. Objectives of the Study: The major objective of this case analysis is to solve the main problem in HB department by using some different approaches. The following are the other objectives to account in solving the problems: a) To consider the areas of internal and external environment of the company by implementing the SWOT analysis. b) To carry out the alternative courses of actions and identify its advantages, disadvantages, costs and, benefits. c) To recommend a possible and specific solution to a problem. d) To implement a plan of action, and lastly; e) To identify the potential problem and their resistance to change and lay a contingent plan of action to solve it. IV. Areas of Consideration: Internal Environment| External Environment| Strengths| Opportunities| 1. Systematic way of production 2. Men and women are organized in two adjacent sections to avoid discrimination 3. High-quality products 4. Partially unionized 5. Division of labor is present| 1. Many entrepreneurs will invest to the company 2. Good image of the company will arise 3. Many customers will patronize the products 4. Many job seeker will apply to the company 1. Job conflict and insecurity occurs because there is no teamwork or cooperation between employees and their co-employees as well as the supervisor 2. Too much rework is frequent/often present 3. Employees had few decision-making responsibilities, low motivation, low job satisfaction, and low performance feedback 4. There is a physical barrier, not allowing the employees to communicate freely to themselves 5. There is an assembly line (production line)| 1. Production delay 2. Possible shortage of raw materials 3. High level of labor turnover 4. Mistakes and breakdowns 5. Job layoffs, lose interest and boredom| V. Alternative Courses of Action: 1. Implementing job rotation program. Advantages:| Disadvantages:| * Job enrichment * Job enrichment * Gains experience and knowledge of a new task or skill (as a learning mechanism) * Intrinsic motivation to perform caused by newer challenges * Career development * Reduces boredom, dissatisfaction and work stress and stimulates development of new ideas * Provide opportunities for a more comprehensive and reliable evaluation of the employee * Develop leadership * Broadens/expands exposure to company’s operation and for turning specialist into generalists * Gains visibility with a new group of co-workers and managers. Visibility for a good employee brings potential opportunities| * An employee does not gain a particular specialization. * Moving from one job to another also gets irritating because the normal routine of an employee is disturbed and also time is wasted in adjusting to the new job. The employee may feel alienated when he/she is rotated from job to job. * Training costs are increased * Because staff members would be performing different tasks, if they discover it as a weakness, the task won’t be performed as well as by someone that is strong at it. * Staff could be rotated away from a task that they enjoy, or perform very well to a high standard which could lead to other staff members not performing the same tasks as well.| Costs and Benefit Analysis: A job rotation strategy comes with costs. When moving employees into multiple positions, you must invest time and money into training the workers in all those positions. This not only includes costs for the employees who are rotating, but also the time of the managers and others who must train the employees in each area. The following is the accurate cost and benefit analysis of job rotation program. Implementing job rotation| N/A|  £ 44.71| | 2. Wage incentives, benefits, rewards, bonuses, and promotions to work must be given to the employees. Advantages:| Disadvantages:| * Individual performance enhancement * Employee development * Company profitability * Healthy competition * Worker retention * Increase productivity and level of sales * Can focus employees on hitting a target * Places a value of achievement| * Employee resentment * Rifts between employees * Sense of inequity * Individual earnings can fluctuate * Greater costs * The employee will demoralize if not earned| Costs and Benefit Analysis: Things considered| Costs| Benefits| Seminars|  £ 44.71| Total net savings:  £ 119.22Net savings for two years:  £ 87,030.60| Processing of documents|  £ 74.51| | 3. Conducting mentoring program for motivating the employees and supervisors. Advantages:| Disadvantages:| * Onboarding * Employee satisfaction * Employee retention * Employee productivity * Career growth/Succession planning * Knowledge management * Quality * Synergy * Reduce frustration| * Lack of organizational support * Creation of climate dependency * Resentment of mentees * Role conflict between boss and mentor * Difficulties in coordinating programs with organizational initiatives * Costs and resources associated with overseeing and administering program| Cost and Benefit analysis: Things Considered| Costs| Benefits| Sponsoring a joint orientation workshop|  £ 29.80| Total net savings:  £ 111.78Net savings for two years:  £ 81,599.40| Providing training for mentoring program participants|  £ 37.27| | Implementing|  £ 44.71| | Recommendation: After evaluating the decision matrix, the analyzer recommended that the course of action that will be the solution to a problem is the implementing of job rotation program. Job rotation involves the movement of employees through a range of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. Job rotation can improve â€Å"multi-skilling† but also involves the need for greater training. In a sense, job rotation is similar to job enlargement. This approach widens the activities of a worker by switching him or her around a range of work. VII. Plan of Action: Activities involve| People Responsible| Time Frame| Cost/Budget| Holding meeting for determining interests of the employee| Management and employees| 1 hour| No cost| Distributing Job Rotation Questionnaire and answering it| Management and employees| 5 minutes|  £ 7.45| Calculating the scores for the jobs considered for rotation| Management and employees| 3 minutes|  £ 1.49| Reviewing the job rotation scheme| Management| 1 week| N/A| Providing trainings| Management and employees| 1 week|  £ 29.80| Providing employees with adequate break-in-time| Management and employees| 1 hour| No cost| Implementing the regular job rotation| Management| 1 week|  £ 44.71| Monitoring job rotation| Management| 1 week| N/A| Holding follow-up meetings for evaluating the rotation| Management and employees| 30 minutes| No cost| Tracking other measures for determining the effects of job rotation| Management and employees| 30 minutes| N/A| Total cost:|  £ 83.45| VIII. Potential Problem: The potential problem is that the particular specialization of employee will possibly lead to loss of job mastery and gradual loss of productivity because of too much time spent on training process. Resistance to Change: Its capacitance to change takes two years or more. It changes over the period of time by gradual growth and development. Contingent Plan of Action: The contingent plan of action is implementing job rotation monthly and not weekly for minimizing the possible outcomes of particular specialization in the workers. If still other problems arose, the job rotation program will be conducted quarterly. Things engaged in this plan: 1. Holding meeting for evaluating the job rotation program by the management and employees. 2. Maintaining the regular job rotation by the management. 3. Monitoring job rotation also by the management. 4. Holding follow-up meetings for evaluating the rotation by the management and employees. 5. Tracking other measures for determining the effects of job rotation also by the management and employees. IX. References: http://tutor2u.net/business/people/workforce_turnover.asp http://www.wikihow.com/Reduce-Employee-Turnover http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_(employment) http://www.123helpme.com/fab-sweets-case-analysis-view.asp?id=164827 http://essays24.com/print/Case-Study-Fab-Sweets/18014.html http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryj/g/job-rotation.htm http://www.blurtit.com/q1611329.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/49852547/56/Advantages-of-Job-Rotation-Advantages-of-Job-Rotation http://www.transtutors.com/university-california%2Foperations-management/disadvantages-job-rotation-6.htm http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Disadvantages_of_job_rotation http://www.blurtit.com/q451616.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_rotation http://www.alagse.com/hr/hr9.php http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/methods-of-training/on-the-job-training/job-rotation.html http://www.citehr.com/8230-job-rotation.html http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-employee-incentives-21220.html http://www.ehow.com/list_6535559_advantages-incentive-plans.html http://www.aboutemployeebenefits.co.uk/advantages-disadvantages-incentive-schemes.html http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1074424585&type=RESOURCES http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_sales_incentive_program http://www.mentorscout.com/about/mentor-benefits.cfm http://eprints.qut.edu.au/1754/1/1754.pdf http://www.ehow.com/about_4947701_assembly-line-job-description.html http://www.ehow.com/about_5476767_assembly-line-job-descriptions.html http://www.danmacleod.com/Articles/Job_Rotation.htm http://tutor2u.net/business/people/motivation_financial_jobrotation.asp http://www.thetrainingconnection.com/7steps.shtml http://www.thetrainingconnection.com/7steps.shtml#step3 http://php.fx-exchange.com/gbp/3-exchange-rates.html

A Report on Youth Unemployability in India Essay

Students have weak foundations because of which they are not picking up new skills. Picking up new skills can develop only when the people lose faith on conventional wisdom. This sentence may appear arbitrary in the beginning but there is a catch. The new skills can never be picked up unless we promise to unlearn old one. By unemployable, we refer to individuals who have to be trained by the industry in basic skills which they should have acquired through college and university education,† said by Manish Sabharwal, Chairman, TeamLease Services. Our institutions are misaligned with demand. We need a modular framework of courses covering a mix of knowledge, skill and work-attitude modules that fit people to high volume vocations and incentivise ‘edupreneurs,'† avers Visty Banaji, Executive Director, Godrej Industries. While problems of unemployment are not new, the rise in number of people who are unable to meet the industry’s needs due to the failure of institutions to impart career-oriented knowledge and skills-set is a pressing problem, as it can hamper India’s double digit growth. The skill deficit hurts more than the infrastructure deficit because it sabotages equality of opportunity and amplifies inequality while poor infrastructure maintains inequality (it hits rich and poor equally),† A recent survey throws light on the problem, problems with the educated youth. They are mainly lacking three types of skills. 1. Communication skill 2. Analytical skill and problem solving 3. Domain. While in interview approximately 60% candidates are screened due to lack of communication skills. Rest 25% is screened for analytical skills and 5% for their lack of knowledge in their respective domain. Hence 90% of educated youth are lacking in one of these three main skills required for job and employment. Only 10% of educated force of India is employable. Several companies have introduced strategies entwined with the college syllabus to equip students with the latest demands of the industry and thereby customize education accordingly. Information Technology major Infosys has the campus Connect initiative with engineering institutions in Mysore, Bangalore, Pune and other cities, through which workshops and seminars are held for students to provide them with industry-specific exposure. Likewise, ICICI Bank is working in upgrading curriculum in areas like wealth management and credit relationship sales with institutes like MDI, NMIMS and so on. As a natural growth pattern, this strong base then needs to be given adequate options towards vocational training. The critical pillar in the strategy to tackle the employability challenge is thus the school education system. The next is vocational training.

IT Project Management Midterm Answers Essays - Project Management

IT Project Management Midterm Answers Essays - Project Management IT Project Management Midterm Answers (b) The Matrix Organization. (b) Scope Management Plan. ( a ) Collect Requirements (b) Use Case Diagram (d) Milestone (d) A business case provides a project budget. (a) Slack (e) Critical Path Analysis (a ) Finish-to-Start (FS) (c) Sunk Costs (d) The value the completed project will provide to an organization. (b) Using technology to meet the needs of the business. (b) Is identifying the project phases and activities and estimating, sequencing , and assigning resources. (a) Signal the beginning of the project or phase. True Brief Answers: Scope, schedule, and budget must remain in a sort of equilibrium to support a part icular project goal. This rela tionship, sometimes referred to as the Triple Constraint. Project portfolio is a term that refers to an organization's group of projects and the process in which they are selected and managed. The project portfolio is strategically selected to advance the corporation's organizational goals. The Project life cycle(PLC) is a collection of logical stages or phases that maps the life of a project from its beginning to end. Each phase should provide one or more deliverables. During the first of these phases, the Initiation Phase , the project objective or need is identified; this can be a business problem or opportunity. An appropriate response to the need is documented in a business case with recommended solution options. A feasibility study is conducted to investigate whether each option addresses the project objective and a final recommended solution is determined. Issues of feasibility ("can we do the project?") and justification ("should we do the project?") are addressed. Yes, it can be considered successful if and only the customer is satisfied with the product . Selective outsourcing provides greater flexibility to choose which project or organizationalproducts and services should be outsourced and which should be kept internal. To avoid scope, creep, leap and grope. Failure to define and agree upon the MOV could result in scope changes later in the project, which can lead to added work impacting the project's schedule and budget. The procedures for defining and managing the scope of a project must be communicated and understood by all of the project's stakeholders to minimize the likelihood of misunderstanding. Moreover, the project's scope must align and support the project's MOV. Why spent time and resources to perform work that will not add any value to the organization of help the project achieve its MOV? Again, work that does not add value consumes valuable time and resources needlessly. Progressive elaboration allows a project management team to manage the project to a greater level of detail as it evolves. It involves continuously improving and detailing a plan as more detailed and specific information and more accurate estimates become available. It helps in achieving more accurate and complete plans that result from successive iterations of the planning process. When the first activity is still running and second activity starts, this is called Lead . For example, you're constructing a two-floor building, and now you have two activities in sequence; i.e. electrical work and painting. However, as you complete the electrical work of ground floor, you start painting it, and electrical work for first floor continues. When first activity completes, if there is then a delay or wait period before the second activity starts, this is called L ag . For Example, suppose you have to paint a newly constructed room. So, the first activity would be applying the primer coating and then you will go for the final painting. However, after applying the primer coating, you must give it some time to dry properly. Once the primer coating dries, you can start final painting. The time given for coating to dry itself is called the lag time.

Feature Extraction And Classification Information Technology Essays

Feature Extraction And Classification Information Technology Essays Feature Extraction And Classification Information Technology Essay Feature Extraction And Classification Information Technology Essay Any given remote feeling image can be decomposed into several characteristics. The term characteristic refers to remote feeling scene objects ( e.g. flora types, urban stuffs, etc ) with similar features ( whether they are spectral, spacial or otherwise ) . Therefore, the chief aim of a feature extraction technique is to accurately recover these characteristics. The term Feature Extraction can therefore be taken to embrace a really wide scope of techniques and procedures, runing from simple ordinal / interval measurings derived from single sets ( such as thermic temperature ) to the coevals, update and care of distinct characteristic objects ( such as edifices or roads ) . The definition can besides be taken to embrace manual and semi-automated ( or assisted ) vector characteristic gaining control nevertheless Feature Collection is the subject of a separate White Paper non discussed farther here. Similarly, derivation of height information from stereo or interferometric techniques could be considered feature extraction but is discussed elsewhere. What follows is a treatment of the scope and pertinence of characteristic extraction techniques available within Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging s suite of distant feeling package applications. Derived Information Figure 1: Unsupervised Categorization of the Landsat informations on the left and manual killing produced the land screen categorization shown on the : To many analysts, even ordinal or interval measurings derived straight from the DN values of imagination represent characteristic extraction. ERDAS IMAGINEAÂ ® and ERDAS ERM Pro provide legion techniques of this nature, including ( but non limited to ) : The direct standardization of the DN values of the thermic sets of orbiter and airborne detectors to deduce merchandises such as Sea Surface Temperature ( SST ) and Mean Monthly SST. One of the most widely known derived characteristic types is flora wellness through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ( NDVI ) , where the ruddy and near-infrared ( NIR ) wavelength sets are ratioed to bring forth a uninterrupted interval measuring taken to stand for the proportion of flora / biomass in each pel or the health/vigor of a peculiar flora type. Other types of characteristics can besides be derived utilizing indices, such as clay and mineral composing. Chief Component Analysis ( PCA Jia and Richards, 1999 ) and Minimum Noise Fraction ( MNF Green et al. , 1988 ) are two widely employed characteristic extraction techniques in distant detection. These techniques aim to de-correlate the spectral sets to retrieve the original characteristics. In other words, these techniques perform additive transmutation of the spectral sets such that the resulting constituents are uncorrelated. With these techniques, the characteristic being extracted is more abstract for illustration, the first chief constituent is by and large held to stand for the high frequence information nowadays in the scene, instead than stand foring a specific land usage or screen type. The Independent Component Analysis ( ICA ) based feature extraction technique performs a additive transmutation to obtain the independent constituents ( ICs ) . A direct deduction of this is that each constituent will incorporate information matching to a specific characteristic. Equally good as being used as stand-alone characteristic extraction techniques, many are besides used as inputs for the techniques discussed below. This can take one of two signifiers for high dimensionality informations ( hyperspectral imagination, etc ) , the techniques can minimise the noise and the dimensionality of the information ( in order to advance more efficient and accurate processing ) , whereas for low dimensionality informations ( grayscale informations, RGB imagination, etc. ) they can be used to deduce extra beds ( NDVI, texture steps, higher-order Principal Components, etc ) . The extra beds are so input with the beginning image in a categorization / characteristic extraction procedure to supply end product that is more accurate. Other techniques aimed at deducing information from raster informations can besides be thought of as characteristic extraction. For illustration, Intervisibility/Line Of Site ( LOS ) computations from Digital Elevation Models ( DEMs ) represent th e extraction of a what can I see characteristic. Similarly, tools like the IMAGINE Modeler Maker enable clients to develop usage techniques for characteristic extraction in the broader context of geospatial analysis, such as where is the best location for my mill or where are the locations of important alteration in land screen. Such derived characteristic information are besides campaigners for input to some of the more advanced characteristic extraction techniques discussed below, such as supplying accessory information beds to object-based characteristic extraction attacks. Supervised Categorization Multispectral categorization is the procedure of screening pels into a finite figure of single categories, or classs of informations, based on their informations file values. If a pel satisfies a certain set of standards, the pel is assigned to the category that corresponds to those standards. Depending on the type of information you want to pull out from the original informations, categories may be associated with known characteristics on the land or may merely stand for countries that look different to the computing machine. An illustration of a classified image is a land screen map, demoing flora, bare land, grazing land, urban, etc. To sort, statistics are derived from the spectral features of all pels in an image. Then, the pels are sorted based on mathematical standards. The categorization procedure interrupt down into two parts: preparation and classifying ( utilizing a determination regulation ) . First, the computing machine system must be trained to acknowledge forms in the information. Training is the procedure of specifying the standards by which these forms are recognized. Training can be performed with either a supervised or an unsupervised method, as explained below. Supervised preparation is closely controlled by the analyst. In this procedure, you select pels that represent forms or set down screen characteristics that you recognize, or that you can place with aid from other beginnings, such as aerial exposures, land truth informations or maps. Knowledge of the information, and of the categories desired, is hence needed before categorization. By placing these forms, you can teach the computing machine system to place pels with similar features. The pels identified by the preparation samples are analyzed statistically to organize what are referred to as signatures. After the signatures are defined, the pels of the image are sorted into categories based on the signatures by usage of a categorization determination regulation. The determination regulation is a mathematical algorithm that, utilizing informations contained in the signature, performs the existent sorting of pels into distinguishable category values. If the categorization is accurate, the ensuing categories represent the classs within the informations that you originally identified with the preparation samples. Supervised Categorization can be used as a term to mention to a broad assortment of feature extraction attacks ; nevertheless, it is traditionally used to place the usage of specific determination regulations such as Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Distance and Mahalonobis Distance. Unsupervised Categorization Unsupervised preparation is more computer-automated. It enables you to stipulate some parametric quantities that the computing machine uses to bring out statistical forms that are built-in in the information. These forms do non needfully correspond to straight meaningful features of the scene, such as immediate, easy recognized countries of a peculiar dirt type or land usage. The forms are merely bunchs of pels with similar spectral features. In some instances, it may be more of import to place groups of pels with similar spectral features than it is to screen pels into recognizable classs. Unsupervised preparation is dependent upon the informations itself for the definition of categories. This method is normally used when less is known about the informations before categorization. It is so the analyst s duty, after categorization, to attach significance to the resulting categories. Unsupervised categorization is utile merely if the categories can be suitably interpreted. ERDAS IMAGI NE provides several tools to help in this procedure, the most advanced being the Grouping Tool. The Unsupervised attack does hold its advantages. Since there is no trust on user-provided preparation samples ( which might non stand for pure illustrations of the category / characteristic desired and which would therefore bias the consequences ) , the algorithmic grouping of pels is frequently more likely to bring forth statistically valid consequences. Consequently, many users of remotely sensed informations have switched to leting package to bring forth homogeneous groupings via unsupervised categorization techniques and so utilize the locations of developing informations to assist label the groups. The authoritative Supervised and Unsupervised Classification techniques ( every bit good as intercrossed attacks using both techniques and fuzzed categorization ) have been used for decennaries with great success on medium to lower declaration imagination ( imagination with pixel sizes of 5m or larger ) , nevertheless one of their important disadvantages is that their statistical premises by and large preclude their application to high declaration imagination. They are besides hampered by the necessity for multiple sets to increase the truth of the categorization. The tendency toward higher declaration detectors means that the figure of available sets to work with is by and large reduced. Hyperspectral Optical detectors can be broken into three basic categories: panchromatic, multispectral and hyperspectral. Multispectral detectors typically collect a few ( 3-25 ) , broad ( 100-200 nanometer ) , and perchance, noncontiguous spectral sets. Conversely, Hyperspectral detectors typically collect 100s of narrow ( 5-20 nanometer ) immediate sets. The name, hyperspectral, implies that the spectral sampling exceeds the spectral item of the mark ( i.e. , the single extremums, troughs and shoulders of the spectrum are resolvable ) . Given finite informations transmittal and/or managing capableness, an operational orbiter system must do a tradeoff between spacial and spectral declaration. This same tradeoff exists for the analyst or information processing installation. Therefore, in general, as the figure of sets additions there must be a corresponding lessening in spacial declaration. This means that most pels are assorted pels and most marks ( characteristics ) are subpixel in size. It is, hence, necessary to hold specialized algorithms which leverage the spectral declaration of the detector to clear up subpixel marks or constituents. Hyperspectral categorization techniques constitute algorithms ( such as Orthogonal Subspace Projection, Constrained Energy Minimization, Spectral Correlation Mapper, Spectral Angle Mapper, etc. ) tailored to expeditiously pull out characteristics from imagination with a big dimensionality ( figure of sets ) and where the characteristic by and large does non stand for the primary component of the detectors instantaneous field of position. This is besides frequently performed by comparing to research lab derived stuff ( characteristic ) spectra as opposed to imagery-derived preparation samples, which besides necessitate a suite of pre-processing and analysis stairss tailored to hyperspectral imagination. Subpixel Classification IMAGINE Subpixel Classifiera„? is a supervised, non-parametric spectral classifier that performs subpixel sensing and quantification of a specified stuff of involvement ( MOI ) . The procedure allows you to develop material signatures and use them to sort image pels. It reports the pixel fraction occupied by the stuff of involvement and may be used for stuffs covering every bit low as 20 % of a pel. Additionally, its alone image standardization procedure allows you to use signatures developed in one scene to other scenes from the same detector. Because it addresses the assorted pel job, IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier successfully identifies a specific stuff when other stuffs are besides present in a pel. It discriminates between spectrally similar stuffs, such as single works species, specific H2O types or typical edifice stuffs. Additionally, it allows you to develop spectral signatures that are scene-to-scene movable. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier enables you to: aˆ? Classify objects smaller than the spacial declaration of the detector aˆ? Discriminate specific stuffs within assorted pels aˆ? Detect stuffs that occupy from 100 % to every bit small as 20 % of a pel aˆ? Report the fraction of material nowadays in each pel classified aˆ? Develop signatures portable from one scene to another aˆ? Normalize imagination for atmospheric effects aˆ? Search wide-area images rapidly to observe little or big characteristics mixed with other stuffs The primary difference between IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier and traditional classifiers is the manner in which it derives a signature from the preparation set and so applies it during categorization. Traditional classifiers typically form a signature by averaging the spectra of all preparation set pels for a given characteristic. The resulting signature contains the parts of all stuffs present in the preparation set pels. This signature is so matched against whole-pixel spectra found in the image informations. In contrast, IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier derives a signature for the spectral constituent that is common to the preparation set pels following background remotion. This is usually a pure spectrum of the stuff of involvement. Since stuffs can change somewhat in their spectral visual aspect, IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier accommodates this variableness within the signature. The IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier signature is hence purer for a specific stuff and can more accurately observe the MOI. During categorization, the procedure subtracts representative background spectra to happen the best fractional lucifer between the pure signature spectrum and campaigner residuary spectra. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier and traditional classifiers perform best under different conditions. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier should work better to know apart different species of flora, typical edifice stuffs or specific types of stone or dirt. You would utilize it to happen a specific stuff even when it covers less than a pel. You may prefer a traditional classifier when the MOI is composed of a spectrally varied scope of stuffs that must be included as a individual categorization unit. For illustration, a wood that contains a big figure of spectrally distinguishable stuffs ( heterogenous canopy ) and spans multiple pels in size may be classified better utilizing a minimal distance classifier. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier can congratulate a traditional classifier by placing subpixel happenings of specific species of flora within that forest. When make up ones minding to utilize IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier, callback that it identifies a individual stuff, the MOI, whereas a traditional classifier will sort many stuffs or characteristics happening with a scene. The Subpixel Classification procedure can therefore be considered a feature extraction procedure instead than a wall to palisade categorization procedure. Figure 2: Trial utilizing panels highlights the greater truth of sensing provided by a subpixel classifier over a traditional classifier, In rule, IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier can be used to map any stuff that has a distinguishable spectral signature relation to other stuffs in a scene. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier has been most exhaustively evaluated for flora categorization applications in forestry, agribusiness and wetland stock list, every bit good as for semisynthetic objects, such as building stuffs. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier has besides been used in specifying roads and waterways. Classification truth depends on many factors. Some of the most of import are: 1 ) Number of spectral sets in the imagination. Discrimination capableness additions with the figure of sets. Smaller pixel fractions can be detected with more sets. The 20 % threshold used by the package is based on 6-band informations. 2 ) Target/background contrast. 3 ) Signature quality. Ground truth information helps in developing and measuring signature quality. 4 ) Image quality, including band-to-band enrollment, standardization and resampling ( nearest neighbor preferred ) . Two undertakings affecting subpixel categorization of wetland tree species ( Cypress and Tupelo ) and of an invasive wood tree species ( Loblolly Pine ) included extended field look intoing for categorization polish and truth appraisal. The categorization truth for these stuffs was 85-95 % . Categorization of pels outside the preparation set country was greatly improved by IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier in comparing to traditional classifiers. In a separate quantitative rating survey designed to measure the truth of IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier, 100s of semisynthetic panels of assorted known sizes were deployed and imaged. The approximative sum of panel in each pel was measured. When compared to the Material Pixel Fraction ( the sum of stuff in each pel ) reported by IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier, a high correlativity was measured. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier outperformed a maximal likeliness classifier in observing these panels. It detected 190 % more of the pels incorporating panels, with a lower mistake rate, and reported the sum of panel in each pel classified. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier works on any multispectral informations beginning, including airborne or satellite, with three or more spatially registered sets. The information must be in either 8-bit or 16-bit format. Landsat Thematic Mapper ( TM ) , SPOT XS and IKONOS multispectral imagination have been most widely used because of informations handiness. It will besides work with informations from other high declaration commercial detectors such as Quickbird, FORMOSAT-2, airborne beginnings and OrbView-3. IMAGINE Subpixel Classifier will besides work with most hyperspectral informations beginnings. Expert Knowledge-Based Classification One of the major disadvantages to most of the techniques discussed supra is that they are all per-pixel classifiers. Each pel is treated in isolation when utilizing the technique to find which characteristic or category to delegate it to there is no proviso to utilize extra cues such as context, form and propinquity, cues which the human ocular reading system takes for granted when construing what it sees. One of the first commercially available efforts to get the better of these restrictions was the IMAGINE Expert Classifier. The adept categorization package provides a rules-based attack to multispectral image categorization, post-classification polish and GIS mold. In kernel, an adept categorization system is a hierarchy of regulations, or a determination tree that describes the conditions for when a set of low degree component information gets abstracted into a set of high degree informational categories. The constitutional information consists of user-defined variables and includes raster imagination, vector beds, spacial theoretical accounts, external plans and simple scalars. A regulation is a conditional statement, or list of conditional statements, about the variable s informations values and/or attributes that find an informational constituent or hypotheses. Multiple regulations and hypotheses can be linked together into a hierarchy that finally describes a concluding set of mark informational categories or terminal hypotheses. Assurance values associated with each status are besides combined to supply a assurance image matching to the concluding end product classified image. While the Expert Classification attack does enable accessory informations beds to be taken into consideration, it is still non genuinely an object based agencies of image categorization ( regulations are still evaluated on a pel by pixel footing ) . Additionally, it is highly user-intensive to construct the theoretical accounts an expert is required in the morphology of the characteristics to be extracted, which besides so necessitate to be turned into graphical theoretical accounts and plans that feed complex regulations, all of which need constructing up from the constituents available. Even one time a cognition base has been constructed it may non be easy movable to other images ( different locations, day of the months, etc ) . Image Cleavage Cleavage means the grouping of neighbouring pels into parts ( or sections ) based on similarity standards ( digital figure, texture ) . Image objects in remotely sensed imagination are frequently homogeneous and can be delineated by cleavage. Therefore, the figure of elements, as a footing for a undermentioned image categorization, is tremendously reduced if the image is foremost segmented. The quality of subsequent categorization is straight affected by cleavage quality. Ultimately, Image Segmentation is besides another signifier of unsupervised image categorization, or characteristic extraction. However, it has several advantages over the authoritative multispectral image categorization techniques, the cardinal differentiators being the ability to use it to panchromatic informations and besides to high declaration informations. However, Image Segmentation is besides similar to the unsupervised attack of image categorization in that it is an machine-controlled segregation of the ima ge into groups of pels with like features without any effort to delegate category names or labels to the groups. It suffers from an extra drawback in that there is by and large no effort made at the point of bring forthing the cleavage to utilize the section features to place similar sections. With Unsupervised Classification you may hold widely separated, distinguishable groups of pels, but their statistical similarity means they are assigned to the same category ( even though you do non yet cognize what characteristic type that category is ) , whereas with Image Segmentation, each section is merely uniquely identified. Statistical steps can normally be recorded per section to assist with station processing. Consequently, in order to label the sections with a characteristic type / land screen, the technique must be combined with some other signifier of categorization, such as Expert Knowledge-Based Classification or as portion of the Feature Extraction work flow provided by IMAGINE Objective. OBJECT-BASED FEATURE EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION Globally, GIS sections and mapping establishments invest considerable gross into making and, possibly more significantly, keeping their geospatial databases. As the Earth is invariably altering, even the most precise base function must be updated or replaced on a regular basis. Traditionally, the gaining control and update of geospatial information has been done through labour and cost intensive manual digitisation ( for illustration from aerial exposure ) and post-production surveying. Since so, assorted efforts have been made to assist automatize these work flows by analysing remotely sensed imagination. Remotely perceived imagination, whether airborne or orbiter based, provides a rich beginning of timely information if it can be easilly exploited into functional information. These efforts at mechanization have frequently resulted in limited success, particularly as the declaration of imagination and the intended function graduated table additions. With recent inventions in geospat ial engineering, we are now at a topographic point where work flows can be successfully automated. Figure 4: The basic construction of a characteristic theoretical account demoing the additive mode in which the information is analyzed. Operators are designed as plugins so that more can be easy added as required for specific characteristic extraction scenarios. When Landsat was launched more than 30 old ages ago, it was heralded as a new age for automatizing function of the Earth. However, the imagination, and hence the geospatial informations dervied from it, was of comparatively harsh resoution, and thereby became limited to smaller graduated table function applications. Its analysis was besides restricted to remote feeling experts. Equally, the traditional supervised and unsupervised categorization techniques developed to pull out information from these types of imagination were limited to coarser declarations. Today s beginnings for higher declaration imagination ( primarilly intending 1m or smaller pel sizes, such as that produced by the IKONOS, QuickBird, and WorldView satelittes or by airborne detectors ) do non endure from the assorted pel phenomenon seen with lower declaration imagination, and, hence the statistical premises which must be met for the traditional supervised and unsupervised categorization techniques do non keep. Therefore, more advanced techniques are required to analyse the high declaration imagination required to make and keep big graduated table function and geospatial databases. The best techniques for turn toing this job analyze the imagination on an object, as opposed to pixel, footing. IMAGINE Objective provides object based multi-scale image categorization and characteristic extraction capablenesss to reliably physique and maintain accurate geospatial content. With IMAGINE Objective, imagination and geospatial informations of all sorts can be analyzed to bring forth GIS-ready function. IMAGINE Objective includes an advanced set of tools for characteristic extraction, update and change sensing, enabling geospatial informations beds to be created and maintained through the usage of remotely sensed imagination. This engineering crosses the boundary of traditional image processing with computing machine vision through the usage of pixel degree and true object processing, finally emulating the human ocular system of image reading. Providing to both experts and novitiates likewise, IMAGINE Objective contains a broad assortment of powerful tools. For distant detection and sphere experts, IMAGINE Objective includes a desktop authoring system for edifice and put to deathing characteristic particular ( edifices, roads, etc ) and/or landcover ( e.g. , flora type ) processing methodological analysiss. Other users may set and use bing illustrations of such methodological analysiss to their ain informations. The user interface enables the expert to put up feature theoretical accounts required to pull out specific characteristic types from specific types of imagination. For illustration, route center lines from 60cm Color-Infrared ( CIR ) orbiter imagination require a specific characteristic theoretical account based around different image-based cues. Constructing footmarks from six inch true colour aerial picture taking and LIDAR surface theoretical accounts require a different characteristic theoretical account. For those familiar with bing ERDAS IMAGINEAÂ ® capablenesss, an analogy can be drawn with Model Maker, with its ability to enable experient users to diagrammatically construct their ain spacial theoretical accounts utilizing the crude edifice blocks provided in the interface. The less experient user can merely utilize constitutional illustration Feature Models or those built by experts, using them as-is or modifying through the user interface. While similar to the IMAGINE Expert Classifier attack, the building and usage of characteristic theoretical accounts within IMAGINE Objective is simpler and more powerful. Constructing a characteristic theoretical account is more additive and intuitive to the expert constructing the theoretical account. In add-on, the support for supervised preparation and evidentiary acquisition of the classifier itself means that the characteristic theoretical accounts are more movable to other images one time built.

Biography of Oliver Hazard Perry, American Naval Hero

Biography of Oliver Hazard Perry, American Naval Hero Oliver Hazard Perry (August 23, 1785–August 23, 1819) was an American naval hero of the War of 1812, famous for being the victor of the Battle of Lake Erie. Perrys victory against the British ensured U.S. control of the Northwest. Fast Facts: Oliver Hazard Perry Known For: War of 1812 naval hero, victor of the Battle of Lake ErieAlso Known As: Commodore PerryBorn: August 23, 1785 in South Kingstown,  Rhode IslandParents: Christopher Perry, Sarah PerryDied: August 23, 1819 in TrinidadAwards and Honors: Congressional Gold Medal (1814)Spouse: Elizabeth Champlin Mason (May 5, 1811–August 23, 1819)Children: Christopher Grant Champlin, Oliver Hazard Perry II, Oliver Hazard Perry, Jr., Christopher Raymond, Elizabeth MasonNotable Quote: We have met the enemy and they are ours. Early Years Perry was born on August 23, 1785, in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. He was the eldest of eight children born to Christopher and Sarah Perry. Among his younger siblings was Matthew Calbraith Perry who would later gain fame for opening Japan to the West. Raised in Rhode Island, Perry received his early education from his mother, including how to read and write. A member of a seafaring family, his father had served aboard privateers during the American Revolution and was commissioned as a captain in the U.S. Navy in 1799. Given command of the frigate USS General Greene (30 guns), Christopher Perry soon obtained a midshipmans warrant for his eldest son. The Quasi-War Officially appointed a midshipman on April 7, 1799, the 13-year old Perry reported aboard his fathers ship and saw extensive service during the Quasi-War with France. First sailing in June, the frigate escorted a convoy to Havana, Cuba where a large number of the crew contracted yellow fever. Returning north, Perry and  General Greene then received orders to take station off  Cap‑Franà §ais, San Domingo (present-day Haiti). From this position, it worked to protect and re-capture American merchant ships and later played a role in the Haitian Revolution. This included blockading the port of Jacmel and providing naval gunfire support for General Toussaint Louvertures forces ashore. Barbary Wars With the end of hostilities in September 1800, the elder Perry prepared to retire. Pushing ahead with his naval career, Perry saw action during the First Barbary War (1801–1805). Assigned to the frigate USS Adams, he traveled to the Mediterranean. An acting lieutenant in 1805, Perry commanded the schooner USS Nautilus as part of a flotilla assigned to support of William Eaton and First Lieutenant Presley OBannons campaign ashore, which culminated with the Battle of Derna. USS Revenge Returning to the United States at the end of the war, Perry was placed on leave for 1806 and 1807 before receiving an assignment to construct flotillas of gunboats along the New England coast. Returning to Rhode Island, he was soon bored by this duty. Perrys fortunes changed in April 1809 when he received command of the schooner USS Revenge. For the remainder of the year, Revenge cruised in the Atlantic as part of Commodore John Rodgers squadron. Ordered south in 1810, Perry had Revenge refitted at the Washington Navy Yard. Departing, the ship was badly damaged in a storm off Charleston, South Carolina that July. Working to enforce the Embargo Act, Perrys health was negatively affected by the heat of southern waters. That fall, Revenge was ordered north to conduct harbor surveys of New London, Connecticut, Newport, Rhode Island, and Gardiners Bay, New York. On January 9, 1811, Revenge ran aground off Rhode Island. Unable to free the vessel, it was abandoned and Perry worked to rescue his crew before departing himself. A subsequent court-martial cleared him of any wrongdoing in Revenges loss and placed blame for the ships grounding on the pilot. Taking some leave, Perry married Elizabeth Champlin Mason on May 5. Returning from his honeymoon, he remained unemployed for nearly a year. War of 1812 Begins As relations with Great Britain began to deteriorate in May 1812, Perry began actively seeking a sea-going assignment. With the outbreak of the War of 1812 the following month, Perry received command of gunboat flotilla at Newport, Rhode Island. Over the next several months, Perry grew frustrated as his comrades aboard frigates such as USS Constitution and USS United States gained glory and fame. Though promoted to master commandant in October 1812, Perry wished to see active service and began relentlessly badgering the Navy Department for a sea-going assignment. To Lake Erie Unable to achieve his goal, he contacted his friend Commodore Isaac Chauncey who was commanding U.S. Naval forces on the Great Lakes. Desperate for experienced officers and men, Chauncey secured Perry a transfer to the lakes in February 1813. Reaching Chaunceys headquarters at Sackets Harbor, New York, on March 3, Perry remained there for two weeks as his superior was expecting a British attack. When this failed to materialize, Chauncey directed him to take command of the small fleet being built on Lake Erie by Daniel Dobbins and noted New York shipbuilder Noah Brown. Building a Fleet Arriving at Erie, Pennsylvania, Perry commenced a naval building race with his British counterpart Commander Robert Barclay. Working tirelessly through the summer, Perry, Dobbins, and Brown ultimately constructed a fleet that included the brigs USS Lawrence and USS Niagara, as well as seven smaller vessels: USS Ariel, USS Caledonia, USS Scorpion, USS Somers, USS Porcupine, USS Tigress, and USS Trippe. Floating the two brigs over Presque Isles sandbar with the aid of wooden camels on July 29, Perry commenced fitting out his fleet. With the two brigs ready for sea, Perry obtained additional seamen from Chauncey including a group of around 50 men from Constitution, which was undergoing a refit at Boston. Departing Presque Isle in early September, Perry met with  General William Henry Harrison at Sandusky, Ohio before taking effective control of the lake. From this position, he was able to prevent supplies from reaching the British base at Amherstburg. Perry commanded the squadron from Lawrence, which flew a blue battle flag emblazoned with Captain James Lawrences immortal command, Dont Give Up the Ship. Lieutenant Jesse Elliot, Perrys executive officer, commanded Niagara. Battle of Lake Erie On September 10, Perrys fleet engaged Barclay at the Battle of Lake Erie. In the course of the fighting, Lawrence was nearly overwhelmed by the British squadron and Elliot was late in entering the fray with Niagara. With Lawrence in a battered state, Perry boarded a small boat and transferred to Niagara. Coming aboard, he ordered Elliot to take the boat to hasten the arrival of several American gunboats. Charging forward, Perry used Niagara to turn the tide of the battle and succeeded in capturing Barclays flagship, HMS Detroit, as well as the rest of the British squadron. Writing to Harrison ashore, Perry reported, We have met the enemy and they are ours. Following the triumph, Perry ferried Harrisons Army of the Northwest to Detroit, where it began its advance into Canada. This campaign culminated in the American victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813. In the wake of the action, no conclusive explanation was given as to why Elliot delayed in entering the battle. Hailed as a hero, Perry was promoted to captain and briefly returned to Rhode Island. Postwar Controversies In July 1814, Perry was given command of the new frigate USS Java, which was then under construction at Baltimore. Overseeing this work, he was present in the city during the British attacks on North Point and Fort McHenry that September. Standing by his unfinished ship, Perry was initially fearful that he would have to burn it to prevent capture. Following the British defeat, Perry endeavored to complete Java but the frigate would not be finished until after the war ended. Sailing in 1815, Perry took part in the Second Barbary War and aided in bringing the pirates in that region to heel. While in the Mediterranean, Perry and Javas Marine officer, John Heath, had an argument that led to the former slapping the latter. Both were court-martialed and officially reprimanded. Returning to the United States in 1817, they fought a duel which saw neither injured. This period also saw a renewal of the controversy over Elliots behavior on Lake Erie. After an exchange of angry letters, Elliot challenged Perry to a duel. Declining, Perry instead filed charges against Elliot for conduct unbecoming an officer and failure to do his utmost in the face of the enemy. Final Mission and Death Recognizing the potential scandal that would ensue if the court-martial moved forward, the secretary of the Navy asked President James Monroe to address the issue. Not wishing to sully to the reputation of two nationally-known and politically-connected officers, Monroe diffused the situation by ordering Perry to conduct a key diplomatic mission to South America. Sailing aboard the frigate USS John Adams in June 1819, Perry arrived off the Orinoco River a month later. Ascending the river aboard USS Nonsuch, he reached Angostura where he conducted meetings with Simon Bolivar. Concluding their business, Perry departed on August 11. While sailing down the river, he was stricken with yellow fever. During the voyage, Perrys condition rapidly worsened and he died off the Port of Spain, Trinidad on August 23, 1819, having turned 34 that day. Following his death, Perrys body was transported back to the United States and buried in Newport, Rhode Island. Sources â€Å"Oliver Hazard Perry.†Ã‚  American Battlefield Trust, 5 May 2017.â€Å"Oliver Hazard Perry.†Ã‚  Naval History and Heritage Command.â€Å"Battle of Lake Erie.†Ã‚  Oliver Hazard Perry Rhode Island.

Db2 program capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db2 program capstone - Research Paper Example Control and monitoring is a key aspect of Toyota’s success (Toyota, 2014). To improve the overall performance of the firm, workers are controlled through clear policies and procedures. Line managers explain the operations at the firm, and show how specific job roles have to be performed. At a broader perspective, this results in compliance to specific standards across the firm, which is essential for Toyota given it is operating in the automobile industry. The brand name Products from Toyota are associated with safety and quality as strict monitoring and control procedures are in place. Making decisions is a difficult as well as an essential task for managers. To assess if a managerial decision is good the decision must first be methodologically tested against solutions known to yield good results. Gaps and blind spots if any have to be identified related to the decision made. The logical structure of the decision should be analysed to investigate if the decision is well founded and will yield consistent results. Most managerial decisions are based on underlying assumptions. Managers assume the role key individuals will play in tandem with the decision being made, the environment under which decision will be applied, and the speed of execution of the decision. For instance, in the case of Toyota a manager in the production line asked to increase the rate of production will assume they have the required physical and technical resources to do so before undertaking a strategic decision. To test and conform the credibility of assumptions for case 1 the trend of price i ncrease or decrease of fuel must be statistically analysed. For case 2 the GDP of the country where the airline operates, the local economic profile, the demographic profile of potential customers and competitor analysis will be useful in the decision making process (Towler & Keast,

Efficiency Wages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Efficiency Wages - Essay Example Regarding a model of costly labor turnover, Stiglitz1 writes, firms are likely to pay too high wages. But it should be emphasized that it is possible that the competitive wage is too low. Since the 1970s, the persistently high unemployment rates in many industrial economies have made more and more economists believe that involuntary unemployment is one of the major stylized facts of modern economies. Therefore, a satisfactory macroeconomic labor model should explain well such a stylized fact. The efficiency wage theory has in recent years generally been regarded as a powerful vehicle for explaining why involuntary unemployment has persisted in the labor market. In constructing a business cycle model, "a potential problem of the efficiency-wage hypothesis is the absence of a link between aggregate demand and economic activity"2. Hence, until Akerlof and Yellen (1985) presented the near-rational model, efficiency wage theories still left unanswered the question of how changes in the money supply can affect real output. In macroeconomic theory, the wage is simply regarded as the amount of money that employees receive and is assumed to be exactly equal to the average cost of labor to employers. In practice, the components of wages are more complicated than the simple economic setting would suggest. There exist some gaps between the amounts that trading partners pay and receive. For example, the actual average cost of labor to employers is equal to the wage that employees receive after the addition of hiring and training costs, firing (severance pay) and retirement (pension) costs, various taxes and insurance fees, sometimes traffic and housing outlays, and so on. Some of these costs, especially taxes, insurance, and traffic fees, are set by the process of political negotiations. The resetting processes relating to these costs are always time-consuming and controversial in modern democratic societies, and these costs are not as flexible as other components of wages determined by competitive markets o r monopsonists. Since some components of wages are always inflexible, partial rigidity of wages is thus a realistic specification for economic modeling. When we recognize that wages have the property of partial rigidity, it is logical to expect that money nonneutrality will hence result. The basic tenet of the efficiency wage theory is that the effort or productivity of a worker is positively related to his real wage and firms have the market power to set the wage. Therefore, in order to maintain high productivity, it may be profitable for firms not to lower their wages in the presence of involuntary unemployment. The main reasons that are provided for the positive relationship between worker productivity and wage levels include nutritional concerns3, morale effects4, adverse selection5, and the shirking problem6. The shirking viewpoint proposed by Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984) is the most popular version of the theory. Its essential feature is that firms cannot precisely observe the efforts of workers due to incomplete information and costly monitoring; equilibrium unemployment is therefore necessary as a worker discipline device. I thus adopt a shirking model as the analytical framework of this paper to examine the effects of partial rigidity of wages. The earliest theoretical work on efficiency wages

Ice Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ice - Lab Report Example We kept the bottles in hot water until we heard the ice crack and it slid from the bottle. When ice slid from each bottle we immediately measured the height and diameter of each ice piece. Then we placed each piece of ice on a wire grate and noted which piece of ice had come from which bottle. We placed the wire grate with pieces of ice on it away from the wind and waited for the ice to melt and noted the time with the stop watch. Meanwhile we calculated the surface area of the cylindrical ice pieces using the formula 2rh + 2r2 ; where r is the radius and h is the height of each piece of ice. We have used the formula of a cylinder to find the surface area of all pieces of ice because all pieces of ice frozen in different medicinal bottles had assumed almost the same cylindrical shape but they all had different diameters. We then repeated the whole experiment three times using the same medicine bottles and noted the time taken for ice pieces to melt in each trial as follows Our experiment proved that the shape of a piece of ice affects its melting time. As can be seen in the table the greater the surface area of a piece of ice the smaller it's melting time.

How harry potter fans conceptualise and talk about identities Essay

How harry potter fans conceptualise and talk about identities - Essay Example According to time magazine the aspects of political and social of harry potter (2007), led to the American civil war. About the message in Harry Porter, Rowling states that she wishes to join different world without problems of hierarchy, bigotry and notion of cleanliness. Further states that before ministries are taken over, there are disagreements to regimes that are known and loved. Rowling advocates that authorities should be questioned and not to fully trust the press. (Time magazine, 2007) Main body Rowling encountered big opposition on matters of education against indoctrination. This has clearly been demonstrated on the issue of gay raised by Bill O’Reilly. He was accusing Potter for indoctrinating children to gay, through an outing by his character Albus Dumbledore. In his defense, senior editor Tina Jordan brushed it off as an argument that is shallow. Tina further stated that gay people are well known, and it did not matter whether people knew or not. On continued d iscussion, O’Reilly pointed a finger at Rowling for teaching acceptance and equivalence of homosexuals and heterosexual. On the contrary, his guest Dennis Miller stated that acceptance was good and a child could not be indoctrinated into being gay. (weekly,2003) Catholic Church also had a problem with the books written by Rowling. An organization of roman church in America, accused Rowling of using occult language and mechanisms to indoctrinate children to gay. In Berkley Beacon’s opinion, he says that one parent’s view of indoctrination could be another’s education. Berkley had the intention of countering charges against Rowling that her books promoted homosexuality. At the pick of the controversy, Rowling stated that he did not base on Christian fundamentalists. Rowling also faced challenges with the issues of: racism, Nazism and ethnic cleansing. On the issue of racism, she was not pessimistic but realistic it could be changed. Further, Rowling argued that a committed racist will not be changed by Harry Potter. After Deathly Hallows was published, Rowling answered the e questions on metaphors in ethnic cleansing books. According to her, ‘ethnic cleansing ‘is a political metaphor. Arguably she did not intend to create a Nazi Germany. In her book tour 2007 Rowling discussed about the disagreements to Nazism. On her website, Rowling stated that some of phrases used by Harry Potter were equally used by the Nazis. Phrases such as ‘muggle-born’, ‘half blood’ and ‘pure blood’ had the same hidden logic of death eaters. Another similarity is that of lightening bolt shaped scar. Harry received the scar as a result of a curse from Voldemort, is also a sign of sir Oswald Mosley British union of fascists; Nazi sympathizers (1930s-1940s). According to Rowling, Mosley had married Diana Mitford who had a sister Jessica, whom he named her daughter after. In 1936 Oswald and Diana got married in Be rlin and Adolf Hitler was a guest. Rowling further noted that Unity, Mitford’s sister an arch-fascist was Hitler’s favorite. Narcissa black Harry’s story was developed by Jessica’s story; Diana Mosley married Oswald Mosley (death eater). Her sister unity, was a death eater too. Jessica Mitford married Ted Tonk (muggle-born), even though the family was against it. Since she had eloped with Esmond Romilly her cousin, she was send away by her family. These disagreements were noted by a communist paper in America