Types of Gene Mutations

Types of Gene Mutations Gene A gene is a special strand of DNA that contains information about everything in our body. The genes make proteins to construct things in our body. Humans have about 25,000 genes. Homeotic Genes Description: A homeotic gene is any collection of genes that manage the development of early embryonic stage of organisms, these genes produce proteins that tell cells to create different parts of the body Mutation: If a mutation occurs in the homeotic gene an organism will not develop properly and may have displaced body parts, for example, a fly may grow a leg on its head instead of an antenna Leptin Receptor Description: The leptin receptor protein is produced by the LEPR gene, it manages energy balance and body weight. The leptin receptor protein is found on the exterior of cells in many organs and tissues of the body. The leptin receptor is activated by a hormone called leptin that connects to the receptor. Usually, the bodys fat cells release leptin in accordance to their size. As fat cells enlarge, they produce more leptin. This increase in leptin indicates that fat stores are increasing. The binding of leptin to its receptor send a series of chemical signals to the hypothalamus and give a sense of fullness. Mutation: If a mutation in the leptin receptor occurs it may lead to excessive hunger, obesity, and reduced production of sexual development hormones Retinoblastoma Description: The RB1 gene provides instructions for creating a protein called pRB. This protein regulates cell growth and keeps cells from irregular division. Under certain conditions, pRB stops other proteins from DNA replication. Since DNA replication must happen before a cell can divide, regulation of this process helps prevent tumor growth. pRB also interacts with other proteins to control cell survival, cell self-destruction, and the process by which cells grow to carry out special tasks. Mutation: If a mutation occurs in the RB1 gene a person may develop bladder cancer, retinoblastoma (an eye cancer that develops in the retina), lung cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma (a type of bone cancer), and melanoma (a type of skin cancer). Insulin Description: The INS gene provides commands for the production of the hormone insulin, insulin regulates glucose levels in the blood. Insulin is produced by the pancreas. Glucose is the primary source of energy for most cells in the body. Insulin is produced in a precursor form called proinsulin, which contains a single sequence of amino acids. The proinsulin sequence is cut to make individual pieces called the A and B chains, which are connected together by connections called disulfide bonds to form insulin. Mutation: Mutations in the INS gene have been linked to permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus. Babies with this disorder have a low birth weight and develop increased blood sugar levels within the first 6 months of life. An INS gene mutation can also cause type 1 diabetes and other disorders that involve insulin production and blood sugar control. Red Hair Colour Description: The MC1R gene provides instructions for making a protein called the melanocortin 1 receptor. The receptor is found on the surface of melanocytes (specialized cells that create melanin). Melanin provides colour to skin, hair,eyes and the retina. Melanocytes produce two different types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. The amounts of these two pigments help decide the color of a persons hair and skin. The more eumelanin a person has the darker their hair and skin is. People with more eumelanin have increased protection from damage caused by UV radiation. People with more pheomelanin usually have red or blond hair, freckles, and lighter skin that is prone to skin damage caused by UV radiation. Mutation: If a mutation occurs in this gene people develop oculocutaneous albinism type 2.   People who have this mutation have light-colored hair and eyes, pale white skin, and vision conditions. A mutation in this gene can also increase the risk of developing skin cancer. Boy in the Bubble Disease Description: The Boy in the Bubble Disease also known as SCID, is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Children that develop this disorder do not have a working immune system. Children affected by SCID can also become sick from viruses present in some vaccines. These vaccines (such as Measles, Polio etc.) dont harm children with a healthy immune system. However, children with SCID may develop severe, life-threatening infections from the vaccines. There are various forms of SCID. The most common type is linked to the X-chromosome, making this disorder exclusive to males. Symptoms: Babies with this disorder generally have infections occurring within the first few months of life, these infections are dangerous and may even be life-threatening, they may include pneumonia, meningitis etc. Other symptoms include failure to gain weight or grow normally, continuous mouth or throat infections, and a family history of immunodeficiency or infant deaths due to infections. Diagnosis: Early diagnosis of this disorder is usually uncommon since the disease is extremely rare. The average age babies are diagnosed with SCID is about six months, generally because of reoccurring infections and improper development. If the mutation leading to SCID in a family is known, a test can happen through sequencing DNA from the fetus. Since SCID is so rare prenatal testing of a baby with no family history of the disorder is not usually done since the test is so expensive. Prognosis: Without treatment most babies die within the first year of life. Treatment Options: The most effective treatment for SCID is a bone marrow stem cell transplant. A bone marrow transplant from a tissue-matched sibling offers the greatest chance for curing SCID. However, most patients do not have a matched sibling donor, so transplants from a relative or unrelated matched donor are often carried out. These types of transplants have a less chance of succeeding compared to transplants from a matched, related donor. Transplants that are done in the first three months of life have the highest success rate. SRY Gene The SRY gene gives instructions for producing the sex-determining region Y protein. This protein is involved in male sexual development. The X and Y chromosomes determine whether a fetus will become a male or female. Females usually have two X chromosomes (XX), while males usually have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY).   The SRY gene is located on the Y chromosome. The sex-determining region Y protein produced from this gene attaches to specific regions of DNA and begins processes that cause a fetus to develop male gonads and stop the development of female reproductive organs.

Environmental Impacts Essay

There is a large gap between developed and developing countries in terms of the attention given to environmental concerns. As a general rule, developing nations place the environment low on their list of priorities. Managing the ecosystem takes a back seat to economic advancement and industrialization, which are seen as more pressing needs. On the other hand, developed nations generally take a more proactive role in environment management because they have the budget and the technology to do so. They have also recognized that further economic development can no longer do without sustainable environmental practices (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001). Stemming from this basic difference of priorities is the great disparity between the environment’s impacts on the health of people living in the First World and those living in the Third World. However, it is simplistic to assume that the former are invariably healthier than the latter. While it is true that developing nations use less environmentally-friendly practices, the sheer level of industrialization and commercialization in developed countries sometimes means that these countries produce far more pollution and thus create more health problems for their citizens. A comprehensive assessment of the interaction between human health and the natural environment is not possible given the length of this paper. Nevertheless, this essay will explore some differences between First and Third World nations with regards to two selected major public health issues, namely, air pollution and water pollution. Air Pollution Palo and Solberg (1999) have identified carbon dioxide as the most abundant greenhouse gas produced today, and they cite it as the most critical contributor to global warming, a phenomenon that poses a grave threat to human health and security. Confalioneri et al. (2007) detailed the exact nature of this threat in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report. Global warming first affects humanity by changing weather patterns. Extreme temperature swings, irregular precipitation, rising sea levels, more powerful storms, droughts and heatwaves have all become more common as a direct result of global warming. These phenomena in turn negatively affect the quality and quantity of food, water and air available to human populations. These phenomena inflict a great amount of damage on human settlements and infrastructure as well. The worldwide spikes in malnutrition, infectious diseases, and deaths from extreme weather events are all directly proportional to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The IPCC also warned that developing societies were at the greatest risk to these environmental pressures. Among these developing nations, Douglas et al. (2001) cited coral reef atolls and reef islands as the most prone because their rates of land loss are dramatically impacted on by incremental rises in sea level. They cited the rapidly disappearing land of the Maldives, the Marshall Islands, and some low-lying Japanese islands as some of the most alarming manifestations of global warming. They added that rise in sea levels has led not only to escalating land loss, but also to the contamination of underground water sources in nations such as Israel, Thailand and island states in the Pacific and the Caribbean. The combined loss of arable land and potable water caused by global warming does not only lead to malnutrition and disease but also to social pressures such as overcrowding in cities, which increase the strain on the human population’s health. In addition, developing countries lack the infrastructure to protect their populations from the increasingly negative repercussions of climate change. In nations such as India, Bangladesh and Burma, relief efforts for victims of increasingly destructive storms are routinely slowed down by the insufficient facilities, resources and personnel. However, it should be noted that developed countries are not immune to these calamities. The unprecedented destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina on a major U. S. city serves as a grim reminder of the vulnerability of First World nations to extreme weather events. Cooper and Block (2007) are only two of many Americans who have accused the United States’ Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) of being prepared for natural disasters â€Å"on paper,† only to be caught flat-footed when Hurricane Katrina struck the city of New Orleans on August 29, 2005. Cooper and Block also blame FEMA’s ineptitude for the unsanitary living conditions thousands of survivors had to endure for several weeks after the disaster. To this day, New Orleans has not fully recovered from the hurricane. Carbon dioxide emissions are not the only major source of air pollution. Other chemicals such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) also pose significant health problems. As Tang (2004) has underlined, these primary pollutants are doubly hazardous because they can react photochemically to create secondary pollutants, and these secondary pollutants can also undergo further chemical reactions which result in even deadlier substances. This type of air pollution is one of the most critical problems in China today, especially in the capital of Beijing. As one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world, China has seen an enormous surge in demand for fossil fuels to feed its factories and the motorized transport of its citizens. In addition, China has much lower emissions standards for its automobiles compared to other countries, leading to more pollution produced per vehicle. Tang cited Song et al. (2003), who noted the sharp increase in respiratory diseases among Chinese living in urban areas, as well as many residents’ complaints about the chronic lack of visibility in Beijing. Once again, these health problems are not limited to developing countries. In fact, this type of air pollution is acutely felt in megacities such as Los Angeles and London, where air quality is severely compromised by the millions of automobiles and the factories located in and around the city limits. However, developed countries are taking definite steps to decrease the pollution, with one notable exception. As Al Gore observed in the documentary An Inconvenient Truth (2006), the United States lags far behind its European counterparts when it comes to enforcing more environmentally friendly emissions standards for its automobiles. The discrepancy has reached the point where some American vehicles can no longer be sold in European countries because they no longer meet government environment safety standards.

Narrative Essay Topics for Grade 10 Tips

Narrative Essay Topics for Grade 10 Tips What Does Narrative Essay Topics for Grade 10 Mean? Keep in mind that personal narratives will allow you to grow as an individual and help different men and women can learn lessons from you. It's a good idea to write and share your individual stories with different folks. When writing a brief story, you get to incorporate all types of personality traits to come up with your character. Thus, to compose a great essay you must brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Based on the topic, you might also consist of call-to-action to boost awareness of some developing issue in the society. Picking the subject of your essay provides you with an advantage in the feeling that you're able to write about something you're passionate ambitious. If you are experiencing a hard time understanding how to compose a personal narrative essay, you shouldn't feel as a failure you've got good firm. Another aim of the analytical essay is to rate thinking and that which you would do in various circumstances. Great narrative essay writing is actually an art form, and it isn't a talent that nearly all of us have. Also, not knowing the structure of an appropriate essay can produce the process hard and uninteresting. The most important portion of a brief essay is known as the body. Thus you might be sure your narrative essay is going to be written punctually in an interesting and exciting way. Your essay has to be free from errors like spelling mistakes and wrong grammar. Fortunately, Kibin has some great ideas for writing concluding paragraphs for personal narrative essays that you're able to have a look at if you're stumped. Selecting the subject of your narrative essay is among the most crucial measures in writing this sort of assignment. Observing the outline will allow you to compose a high-quality essay and diagram from this post can act as a visual clue you may use to compose your work. It's inevitable tha t a student is not going to encounter essay writing in school no matter the level. It is among the most frequent essays given as an assignment to students of distinct levels. It's personal enough, it permits you to play with words, and it's both interesting and edifying for the general public. When it has to do with selecting a narrative essay topic students become lost preferring to lack independence within this concern. So, by selecting at least one of these topics for narrative essay below, you will help your readers find out more about their preferred actors or musicians. With a profound sample, you'll be more conscious of what topic is more inclined to connect with your readers and what is going to miss the target. It's really hard to pick just 1 topic whenever there are so many you could write about. To find out more about the key to interesting and exceptional essay topics, have a look at a number of the secret strategies utilized by the world's best essay developers. What You Should Do to Find Out About Narrative Essay Topics for Grade 10 Before You're Left Behind You won't just just take you quite very long and soon you could have an amazing bride that's european your supply. Hope these topics will allow you to remember an event, a dream, an individual or a day you feel you want to write about. Deciding upon the correct topic may be a true problem, but we are here in order to get you inspired. All you have to do is consult with an expert customized essay writing service like ours that is guaranteed to submit all of your assigned work in time. The ideal way to do so is dependent upon the kind of the subject or event you're likely to write about, different kinds of topic take a different strategy. Needless to say, the family isn't the only alternative. Nobody really wishes to compose an essay. Essays, generally speaking, covers different topics. Such a broad range of expected topics can cause such essays being quite interesting, although they may also be problematic for some writers to get started. High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Some students find this sort of essays to be absolutely the most difficult one. Locate an instance of a fantastic topic of narrative essays of different students. There are various techniques to compose personal narrative essays. The very last thing you would like to do in your own personal narrative essay is confuse your readers. A personal narrative essay is a sort of essay in which an individual writes about her or his own experiences, typically as a narrative story. It is one of the best tools to stop social issues that are often disregarded. If you haven't written any narration essays before, you ought to read works of different students to comprehend how to develop a structure, the way to use your private narrative ideas, and what topics it is possible to utilize. There are struggles that may easily be eliminated when you're in the early phases of writing your personal narrative essay. Edit your narrative once you have completed your narrative, make certain you revise it. You could also see personal statements. All the paragraphs ought to be connected and the narration ought to be logical. Your narrative should have a very good presentation. You might also see balanced sentences. Reread the whole narrative.

Essay about The Influence of The English Renaissance

What is the English Renaissance? It was known as the period of rebirth and was the period in European civilization that immediately followed the middle ages. Its popularity grew by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. It was primarily a time of revival after a long period of social decline and stagnation. The renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement dating from the early 16th to the early 17th centuries. It is associated with the pan-European renaissance that many cultural historians believe originated in Tuscany. The English Renaissance started with King Henry I, but did not reach its full potential until the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. It was during her reign that the renaissance reached the height of†¦show more content†¦Coincidentally with the many natural disasters going on some of them actually help establish the Renaissance. The Black Death, or bubonic plague wiped out a third of Europes population, producing a labor shortage, so that the reduced population was much wealthier, better fed, and, significantly, had more money to spend on luxury goods like art and architecture. As incidences of the plague began to decline in the early 15th century, Europes devastated population once again began to grow. This new demand for products and services, and the reduced number of people able to provide them, put the lower classes in a more favorable position. Furthermore, this demand also helped create a growing class of bankers, merchants, and skilled artisans. This new growing prosperity brought the country together it inspired many and gave birth to a new age of beliefs and ideas. The ideas and ideals of the Renaissance endured and even spread into the rest of Europe, setting off the Northern and English Renaissance. â€Å"The Italian Renaissance started around the early 14th century and lasted until the mid 1550s† (English Renaissance wiki). The English Renaissance began far later in the mid â€Å"1520s a nd ended around 1620† (English Renaissance wiki). The English Renaissance is different from the Italian renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. Visual arts in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in theShow MoreRelatedRenaissance: Impact on English Literature1723 Words   |  7 PagesRenaissance: Impact on English Literature .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Renaissance is a French word which means rebirth, reawakening or revival. In literature the term Renaissance is used to denote the revival of ancient classical literature and culture and re-awakening of human mind, after the long sleep in the Medieval Ages, to the glory, wonders and beauty of mans earthly life and nature. The great literary movement, Renaissance began in  Italy  with the fall of  Constantinople  in 1453. But its influenceRead MoreEnglish Renaissance Literature882 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy English Renaissance literature as compared to the former Anglo-Saxon literature, they would find that changing beliefs and ideas in society are reflected in the writing of the time. The historical context of the English Renaissance impacts not only the subject matter of poems, but also the underlying themes in the text. It is important to examine the differences and similarities between each era to understand the differences i n their literature. 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