Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Kemalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Kemalism - Essay Example This is the official cult. His biography is read like hagiography of saints. After more than half a century after his death most of the Turks with bated breath speak about the penetrating gaze of his blue eyes, his tireless energy, strength of mind and indomitable will. Mustafa Kemal was born in Thessaloniki in Greece. At that time the area was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. His father was a middle-ranking customs official, his mother - a peasant. After a difficult childhood, lived in poverty due to early death of his father, the boy entered the Salonica Military School, then the Monastir Military High School and in 1889, finally, the Ottoman Military Academy in Istanbul. There, in addition to military disciplines, Kemal studied the works of Rousseau, Voltaire, Hobbes and other philosophers and thinkers that certainly influenced his views. At the age of 20, during training, Kemal and his friends joined a secret revolutionary society - Vatan ve Hà ¼rriyet (Motherland and Liberty). Failing to come to understanding with the other members of the society, Kemal left Vatan and joined the Committee of Union and Progress, which has collaborated with the movement of the Young Turks (Turkish bourgeois revolutionary movement, setting a task to replace the sultan’s autocracy with constitutional order). Kemal was personally acquainted with many key figures in the Young Turk movement and was involved in the coup in 1908. At the outbreak of the World War I, Kemal, who despised the Germans, was shocked by the fact that the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire became their ally. However, in spite of the personal views, he skillfully commanded the troops entrusted to him. So, in Gallipoli, in April 1915, he blunted the attack of the British forces several weeks, earning the nickname â€Å"Savior of Istanbul†. It was one of the few victories of the Turks in the war. He told his subordinates not only to attack but to die. It is

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Art - Essay Example The work of all the artists who belonged to the Taos Society served to define 20th century art. Some of the vivid themes made use of by these artists were cowboys, scouts, traders, Indians, buffalo, trappers, plains, mountains and deserts. 2: Describe   Unlike his other artist counterparts who kept to the traditional style of painting, Kenneth M. Adams depictions were more modern in their presentation. His ‘Talpa Ridge,’ Taos is an oil on canvas painting in which he cuts down the natural forms of the jagged hillside landscape and makes use of geometric shapes of line and color to give it a whole new dimension. His style of painting is ‘Impressionism’ before 1940 and he makes use of different subjects for his work, such as figures, landscapes, floral motifs, village scenes, nude, still life and portrait painting. 3: Meaning   Kenneth M. Adam’s painting of the ‘Talpa Ridge’, Taos holds a lot of meaning for the artist because Taos was hi s home for many years and it seems as a sort of tribute by the artist to depict it in his art work. In the American West, Taos was a premier art colony of New Mexico and a haven to a big group of artists. 4: Did you like?   I liked this painting for the significance it held and for its meaningful depiction. I also liked the richness of the colors used and the style in which it is painted.

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Commercial Law - Essay Example Whenever there is a bridge in the contract, the law provides a remedy for the damages or monetary compensation. Section 14 of the Sales of Good Act 1979 of the UK governs the formation of commercial contracts involving the buying and selling of goods. The act deals with implied terms and presumptions which reflect commercial expectations in the formed contract. It also outlines few compulsory legal rules to be followed in the formation of commercial contracts. Section 14 of the Act specifies the terms of satisfactory quality of goods and the fitness for purpose of goods under sale. According to the section the seller is obligated to offer goods that are fit for the purpose for which they are being sold especially so if the buyer will reasonably depend on the seller’s expertise. According to Austen-Baker (a 125) an offer is made by one party called the offeror. Through the offer, they express their willingness to be bound to the other party. This can be expressed by the offeror through direct conduct, writing or orally. This is accepted by the other party called the offeree. It is only until the offeree communicates an acceptance to the offeror that the contract can become valid. This can be by action, writing or orally. Offers made orally give room for negotiations from the offeree. Alterations can be made or counter offers suitable to the offeree can be given after which a solid binding agreement is made. Atiyah (155) explains that the acceptance must indicate an agreement by the offeree to the terms used in the offer. This means there is already concurrence of wills between the two or more parties. It is better if the acceptance is put into a written form as future evidence against any breaches. This is because existence of agreement in the minds alone cannot be used by courts as evidence incase of breach of contract. The contract will be considered valid when writing, registration and signing has been completed by

Argument for Lowering The Drinking Age to 18 Essay

Argument for Lowering The Drinking Age to 18 - Essay Example Banning drinking age at 18 will not stop teenagers from drinking. Some adults may have the impression that since it is made illegal to drink at age 18, then it would stop teenagers from drinking. On the contrary, the prohibition will not stop teenagers from drinking and that will even add to the thrill of drinking alcohol. Instead of stopping it, the prohibition will even have the effect of encouraging teenagers to drink. Banning alcohol at age 18 will just make teenagers hide when they are drinking and it is more dangerous. Adults or supervising authority may have the impression that they have stopped drinking but in fact, the drinking just went underground. This time, teenagers drink without the presence of adult supervision and this an unsafe environment for kids to drink. It is in this environment that excesses happen that often leads to the fatal outcome that some college presidents have aired their concern that drinking underground contributes to alcohol excesses among teenagers (Wechsler, 2010 pg. 987). Also, it is in this environment that beer binges and fighting occurs because teenagers tend to seize the moment and drink a lot until they could no longer control themselves. Also, 18 years old does not differ from age 21 in terms of the judgment. People may argue that older is better but being 21 does not make one wiser in terms of alcohol drinking. Delaying drinking age to 21 years old does not make one a more responsible drinker. In fact, delaying it promotes an irresponsible drinking behavior because teenagers will have to hide drinking first before they can drink in the open at age 21. So by the time they are already legal to drink to age 21, they have already developed the habit of drinking excessively because they were used to drink in an unsafe environment.

Beowulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Beowulf - Essay Example It is also evident in the way that he does not touch the treasures that he finds in beside the dead body of Grendel’s mother. This shows he is rich enough already, with his own wealth and the gifts that he receives for defeating the monsters, and not greedy in the way that a lesser warrior might be. Beowulf’s nobility is the kind that comes with breeding and character, and not the kind that comes with material wealth. Beowulf is ambitious because he sets off to fight an enemy that no one else has managed to defeat. He has a great belief in himself and his own powers, and this is an important quality for someone who leads others. He is undoubtedly very brave, because he tackles and kills Grendel with his bare hands. The scene with Grendel’s mother is very scary because of the monsters and the dark, slimy cave location, as well as the superhuman elements that surround the figure of Grendel. He is almost defeated, but does not give up, and grasps the strange sword with great courage. It is obvious that he is quite willing to sacrifice himself in the attempt to kill the monsters troubling the Scyldings. Beowulf is physically very strong. His hands are able to kill Grendel and wield the huge magic sword. This physical strength is a necessary quality for a Germanic hero because there was so much fighting and war in those days, and a hero had to be able to hold his own on the battle field. Beowulf is stronger and braver than everyone else, which makes him the ideal warrior hero. The quality of generosity is seen in the way that Beowulf takes the gifts he has received from Hrothgar for his feats of strength, and gives them all to his King Hygelac. The economy of the time was based on exchange of goods and services, and it was extremely important that subordinates show loyalty to their superiors. Beowulf is not obliged to give the treasures to the king, but he does so to demonstrate

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Good morning/afternoon Executives of the Board of Studies. In the topic of powerful to powerless, To Kill A Mockingbird is a classic novel that is relevant and appropriate. It possesses many admirable qualities that prove its worth to be on the new curriculum. The novel explores many ideas regarding the use and abuse of power, different forms of power, the consequences of power, and how the composer has used language to portray power. To Kill A Mockingbird explores a number of different types of power throughout. There are four types of power: personal, instrumental, projected and official power. One clear example of power is that of Atticus Finchs regarding his children. As their father, Atticus has official power over Scout and Jem. He also has instrumental power as he provides a home, as well as other basic necessities for his children. Another example of power, although it is negative, is the projected power that Bob Ewell possesses over Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson highlights his fear of Bob as he testifies Mr. Finch, if you was a nigger like me, youd be scared too. Bob Ewells power demonstrates that power can be taken and abused by others. Despite whether if you have an abundance of power of you are miserably lacking so, there will always be certain consequences that follow. Bob Ewell, as an example, believed that he was better than the African Americans despite the fact that he was considered the lowest class in white society. Bob Ewell abused his power, although it was still lacking. Ewell, was too prideful, that after being humiliated in court and stripped of dignity by Atticus, he decided to attack Atticus children. Furthermore, Arthur Boo Radley can depict a lack of power. Boo Radley had lived most of his life trapped inside his home by his oppressive family members. He was feared because of the negative connotations that surrounded him. The stories that were told of him portrayed his character as a monster, or something to fear. Furthermore, another figure in the novel that lacked power was Tom Robinson. In society, African Americans were looked down upon by the white society. Tom Robinson was racially discriminated against by Bob Ewell, who framed him for a crime he did not commit. As white people were the superior race, they had power over the African Americans. As Tom Robinson lacked power, he also lacked the ability to act against the threats of Bob Ewell because of his fear. Even though Tom Robinson was a man of great stature, and seemed adequate to engage in a physical brawl despite his injury, he was still afraid. Harper Lee employs a range of language techniques in order to convey ideas about power. Lee has described Arthur Boo Radley as having cheeks that were thin to hollowness, gray eyes that were colourless and hair that was dead and thin. It has been acknowledged that Boo is considered one of the novels most powerless figures. His name is an aptronym, it portrays his character and highlights his mysterious nature. It is also an example of onomatopoeia, hinting at negative connotations. Additionally, there are other aspects that can also assist the portrayal of his character. The author describes the Radley house as droopy and sick, this parallels to the descriptions made of Boo. Harper Lees many descriptions of Boo Radley creates a vivid picture in the readers mind, the reader is immediately drawn to the connotations that surround Boo. It is because of ideas explored previously that prove To Kill A Mockingbird to be a worthy contender on the new school curriculum. It explored the concept behind power and powerless and therefore is relevant.

Methods For Determination Of Heavy Metals Biology Essay

Methods For Determination Of Heavy Metals Biology Essay There are various analysis methods applied by researchers to determine the heavy metal contents of a particular sample. Of the various analytical methods used, atomic absorption spectroscopic methods are the most commonly used methods to determine the amount of heavy metals present in a particular sample. Preconcentration and separation methods have been routinely used to eliminate matrix effects and cope with low metal levels. Different preconcentration technique for heavy metals such as cloud point extraction, solid phase extraction and acid preconcentration were performed by researchers before the samples being analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. 2.1.1 Determination of heavy metals by using cloud point extraction before flame atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis Chan and Teo (2001) used cloud point extraction (CPE) for the simultaneous pre-concentration of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc after the formation of a complex with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) before the sample undergoing analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) using octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114) as surfactant. Cloud point extraction is a separation and preconcentration procedure that has been extensively applied for trace metal determination in several different matrices. It is simple, rapid, high extraction efficiency and environmentally friendly. Its major advantages are simple experimental procedures, low cost, high preconcentration factors, and environmental safety. Cloud-point extraction is the preconcentration of target metal ion using surfactants such as non-ionic and anionic surfactants. Under the optimum conditions, the aqueous surfactant solution becomes clouding and separating into two phases which are aqueous and surfactant-rich pha ses. The interested analytes are extracted and concentrated into surfactant-rich phase. The surfactant rich phase with interested analytes is analysed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). The water samples tested in this experiment are tap water, river water, sea water and a standard reference material (SRM). The chemical variables affecting the separation phase and the viscosity affecting the detection process including 50mL of sample, temperature of 40à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, pH of 8.6, 2ÃÆ'-10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢5 mol là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 of TAN complexing agent, 0.05% non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 were optimized. Table 1: Limit of Detection and Sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in Water Samples (n=10). (Chen and Teo, 2001) Table 1 gives the calibration parameters, the relative standard deviation obtained for 10 analyte samples subjected to the complete procedure and the detection limits. In this case, linear relationships between the absorbance measured and the concentration of metal prepared for the calibration solution were obtained. The sensitivity of F-AAS for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn analysis are 0.9982, 0.9987, 0.9995 and 0.9992 respectively. In addition, pre-concentration of 50 ml of sample in the presence of 0.05% Triton X-114 showed the detection of 0.099, 0.27, 1.1 and 0.095 ng mLà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, respectively. Table 2: Recovery analysis of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in water samples by F-AAS (n=3) (Chen and Teo, 2001) Table 2 shows the recovery percentage of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in tap water, river water and sea water by F-AAS. Recovery experiments for different amounts of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were carried out. The overall recovery percentages in this experiment for the four heavy metal elements were in the range of 98 % to 104 %. 2.1.2 Determination of trace elements in waters after preconcentration with 2-nitroso-1-naphthol Gentscheva et al. (2012) determined heavy metals using F-AAS after pre- concentrating the water samples with 2-nitroso-1 naphthol. 2-nitroso-1-napthol is a chelating agent that has been used for precentration of cobalt as well as for the preconcentration of cobalt as well as for the solid phase extraction of Th, Ti, Fe, Pb and Cr from waters. The purpose of this experiment was to study the possibilities for preconcentration of trace amounts of Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, and Pd using 2-nitroso-1-naphthol with analysis of F-AAS. The method developed was tested for reliability using a reference material which was SPS-WW2, Batch no.108, Spectrapure Standards AS (Oslo, Norway) and this method was applied to the determination of traces of these elements in capture water and waste water. A comparison between ethanol and 1- ethanolic solution of 2-nitroso-1-naphthol was done by plotting calibration curves. It was found that 2-nitroso-1-naphthol suppressed the absorbance of the interested trace elements ideally. Figure 1: Effect of sample volume on the recovery of Ni, Co, Cu, Cd and Pd with 2- nitroso-1-naphthol. (Gentscheva et al., 2012) Figure 1 showed the effect of sample volume on the recovery of trace elements in the range from 20 to 250 ml. As can be seen, the maximum sample volume allowing a better quantitative recovery of the analytes which was more than 95% was 160ml. At higher sample volumes the recovery gradually decreases. 11ml of optimum volume for 1% ethanolic 2-nitroso-1-naphthol was also determined. Figure 2: Effect of time of complexation on the recovery of Ni, Co, Cu, Cd and Pb with 2-nitroso-1-naphthol (Gentscheva et al., 2012) Figure 2 showed the effect of time of complexation on the preconcentration of trace elements in experiment. The effect of time of complexation was studied in the range of 15 to 60 minutes. The optimum time of complexation obtained was 40 minutes. Longer complexation time did not bring any effect on the recovery of the trace elements. Table 3: Determination of Cu, Co, Ni, Cd and Pd in capture water from the region of an old copper mine (Bov, Bulgaria) and waste water from the copper plantAssarel, Bulgaria Table 3 shows the concentration of interested trace elements obtained from F-AAS analysis. From the table, copper was the trace element with the highest content not only in the waste water sample, but also in the capture water sample. The latter may be attributed to the high residual level of this element in the environment of the former copper mine. The Pd contents in water samples were below the detection limit of the method. 2.1.3 Solid-phase extraction of metal ions from environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) Duran et al.(2007) used a column packed with Amberlite XAD-2010 resin as a solid-phase extractant for the preconcentration of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions based on their complex formation with the sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (Na-DDTC) subjected to flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) determinations. Metal complexes sorbed on the resin were eluted by 1 mol Là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 HNO3 in acetone. Effects of the analytical conditions for the preconcentration yields of the metal ions, such as pH, quantity of Na-DDTC, eluent type, sample volume and flow rate have been investigated. Figure 3: Effect of pH on the retention of the metal ions (n=4). (Duran et al., 2007) Figure 3 showed that the effect of the pH that had been studied in experiment. pH of samples in the range 2 to 12 by adjusting the metal solutions with buffer solutions. Cu and Co were quantitatively recovered more than 95% in the pH range from 2 to 9. Quantitative recoveries were obtained in the pH range 3 to 9 for Ni, 4 to 9 for Cd, 5 to 9 for Pb, and 7 to 9 for Mn. According to the results, the optimum pH for multi-element preconcentration of the metals was 6, except for Mn for which the value is 8. Figure 4: Effect of ligand quantity on the recoveries. (Duran et al., 2007) Figure 4 showed the determination of amount of ligand needed for preconcentration of metal ions. From the figure above, it showed the preconcentration yields of the six metal ions were 11 to 21% without chelating agent. The preconcentration yields increased with the addition of Na-DDTC. The quantitative values were obtained after 2.0 mg of Na-DDTC. As the result, 5.0 mg of Na-DDTC was chosen as optimum value for the next works. Figure 5: Effect of sample volume. (Duran et al., 2007) Figure 5 showed the determination of sample volume in order to deal with real water samples which were containing very low concentrations of the metal ions. The recoveries were found to be stable until 500mL. Thus, 500mL was chosen as the optimum sample volume to work. In this work, the final solution volume to be measured by FAAS was 5.0 mL, hence the preconcentration factors were 100 for all the six metal ions. Figure 6: Effect of flow rate on the recoveries. (Duran et al., 2007) Figure 6 showed the study of sample flow rate in the experiment. The flow rate of sample solution through the Amberlite XAD-2000 column is a very important factor. The recovery percentage increases with the reduced flow rate, causing the preconcentration time increases. In order to obtain the quantitative recovery and to reduce the preconcentration time, the effect of sample flow rate was studied in the range 2 to 40mLminà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. 10.0mLminà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 was chosen as the sample flow rate. This flow rate is high enough to load the sample in a moderate short time and allowing metal/Na-DDTC chelates to interact with XAD-2010. Table 4: Trace metals contents of real water samples with the proposed method (n=3) Table 4 showed the determination of concentration of trace metals in real water samples with the proposed method. Six sample collection sites were determined and under optimal conditions. There was no detection of Cd in all of the six water samples. There was also no detection of Co in Solakli stream, Kisarna mineral water, Of stream water and black tea while Ni was also cannot be detection by F-AAS in the water samples such as Kisarna mineral water and Of stream water. Overall relative standard deviations for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions were less than 5 %. 2.2 Sample Analysed For Determination of Heavy Metals Heavy metals can be found in various materials, not only in water samples. By performin different analytical methods, most researchers had determined the presence of heavy metals, commonly, Cd, Pb, Cr and Cu to name a few, in environmental samples which include water sample, food samples, biological samples and plastic materials as well. 2.2.1 Environmental samples Among the environmental samples that had been tested to determine trace toxic metals level are the water samples such as capture water and waste water (Gentscheva et al., 2012); river water, tap water and sea water (Chan and Teo, 2010) and sea water; soil samples heavy metals determination which carried out by Capitelli et al. (2002) in order to investigate the contents of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. 2.2.2 Food samples Many experiments for determining heavy metal contents have been performed on food samples. Ghaedia et al. (2008) determined the presence of chromium, iron, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt and zinc in cow meat, spinach, liver and fish samples. Muà ±oz and Palmero (2004) determine the presence of cadmium, lead and copper in milk by using potentiometric stripping analysis while Tripathi et al. (1999) determined zinc, lead, copper and cadmium in human milk, milk powder and baby food. Vegetable and fruits that we usually consumed as part of our daily diet intake were also found to have trace amount of heavy metals. Radwan and Salama (2006) determined the heavy metals such as zinc, copper, cadmium and lead contents in strawberry, apples, banana, eggplant, lettuce and many more. Determination of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc in beverage such as tea, coffee, dairy products, fruit juices, carbonated soft drinks and wines was carried out by Onianwa et al. ( 1999) , using an air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 2.2.3 Biological Samples Other than environmental samples and food samples, several researches had also been carried out to determine heavy metal contents in biological samples such as human urine and blood which are the most common tested samples for determination of heavy metals. Suleiman et al. (2008) determined the presence of cadmium, cobalt, nickel and lead in human urine,  blood and serum samples by black stones online coupled with ICP-OES. In addition, Aguiar et al.(2012) determined the presence of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, selenium, and zinc which are essential for reproduction by using ICP-MS. 2.2.4 Plastic samples The plastic samples that commonly tested to determine the heavy metal contents are the plastic toys (Omolaoye, Uzairu and Gimba, 2010); waste electrical and electronic equipment such as mobile phones (Nnoroma and Osibanjob, 2010), computer mouse, printer, keyboards, refrigerators, washing machines, personal computer and television (Onwughara et al., 2010); and small waste electrical and electronic equipment which includes plastic materials from household appliances such as vacuum cleaners, pocket calculators, video games, body care appliances, clocks and watches as well.( Dimitrakakis et al., 2009) 2.3 Permissible Limits of Heavy Metals in Waste Water Samples For every product that available in the market, there must be a limit of the substances added that will gives the details of the contents of that particular product to ensure the safety of the product to consumer. According to Environmental Quality Act (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulation 1979, the maximum contaminant level of copper, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in waste water are 0.20, 0.01, 0.05, 0.20 and 0.20 ppm respectively. This means that if waste water sample was found to contain either one of the heavy metals mentioned having values exceeding the maximum contaminant level, that particular waste water sample could pose health hazards and environmental pollution to human being. 2.4 Improving the Sensitivity of Heavy Metals in F-AAS Analysis High sensitivity of the analysis of the presence of heavy metals present in a waste water sample are needed to give a reliably accurate and precise result in some cases where there is only a slightly difference in the amount of heavy metals. The sensitivity of various heavy metals in F-AAS analysis can be enhanced by several methods. 2.4.1 Copper, Cadmium and Lead The sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for the detection of Cu, Cd and Pb can be enhanced by performing online sensitivity enchancement method involving the implementation of various designs of quartz tubes of slotted tube atom traps (STAT) system as published by Yaman (2005). In this technique, quartz tubes which had a 5 and 6 mm diameter and 2.3cm for an upper slot length, produced the best sensitivity as high as with the factor of 6- and 10-fold enhancement for Pb and Cd respectively. 2.4.2 Other Heavy Metals The sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for the detection of heavy metals can be increased by using pre-concentration methods such as chromatographic method, extraction method, drying and ashing method, electrochemical method and miscellaneous method published by Rottschafer, Boczkowski and Mark (1971).